《诗经》与沈德潜诗学体系建构

伴随经世实学与朴学的发展,儒家诗学在清代得以重振,并成为清代诗学话语的重要一脉。沈德潜是清代儒家诗学的代表人物,倡导温柔敦厚的儒家诗教,并以《诗经》为核心来建构其诗学体系。在诗歌溯源方面,将诗歌源头推溯至《诗经》;在诗歌体式方面,不仅就《诗经》体式提出了自己的看法,还将诸诗的文体渊源归于《诗经》;在诗歌技法方面,对比兴多有阐发,且要求诗人创作不仅要重视技法,更要重视温柔敦厚之诗教。     

船山对朱子、阳明“亲新之辨”二元对立模式的解构

朱子与阳明的"亲新之辨",从根本而言是"朱子理学"与"阳明心学"在实践功夫论上"向外"和"向内"的二元对立。朱子从《大学》"三纲领"之"经"出发,训"亲"为"新",丢弃了"新民"中"亲近、亲爱"百姓之意蕴;阳明从《大学》之"传"出发,舍弃了外在"新民"之手段。船山解构了朱子单一的"向外"的"有言"之教的新民,主张自身明德以感召他人的"无言"之教的新民;船山也解构了阳明单一的"向内""自新"新民,主张"自新"与"新他"二者结合的新民。船山新民观从内容与形式上都为后世学者提供了一条别样的路径,彰显出亲新之辨的和合建构特质。     

刘蕺山对王阳明“无善无恶”思想的发展

心学发展到明代晚期已产生诸多流弊,致良知的实践工夫不能落实到实处。刘蕺山批评王阳明"四句教"与王畿"四无说",并提出自己的"四句教",强调心体只是个"有善而无恶"。然而在其晚年重要著作《人谱》中却明确地提出并详细地阐发了心体"无善无恶"的思想,作为其心性理论的基础,此与阳明"四句教"之首句"无善无恶心之体"之提法无异。故本文从"无善无恶"之本体、工夫与境界的层面来解析蕺山对于阳明"无善无恶"思想的发展。蕺山学说在思想史上做出了承先启后的重大贡献,对明清实学的产生有重要的影响。     

论王学“后三变”中的经典诠释学建构

王学思想"后三变"的发生与阳明经典诠释学体系建构完成有着密切关系。"龙场悟道"让阳明顿悟"格物致知"之旨,形成"臆说"图式。而在"良知"思想形成过程中,阳明着力解读《大学》,复《大学》古本,先立"诚意"为诠释核心,后立"致良知"为诠释根本。晚年阳明又将"有、无"范式带入经典诠释之中,使得"经学即心学"命题价值彰显。阳明经典诠释学实为"心学体验诠释学",其终极指向是以生命行动的实践方式见证人能尽性入道的可能。其对后世的影响,深远而悠长。     

王阳明心学视域下的易学观

学界一般认为"龙场悟道"是阳明心学创立的直接契机,而"龙场悟道"又与"玩易"关系紧密,尽管并不能由此得出《易》即为阳明学术之"大本大源",但不可否认,《易》之思想资源确实对阳明心学产生了重要影响。通过讨论《易》之书、易之道、卜筮、象数等诸方面的内容,阳明一方面赋予易学以心学意味,同时也使得其心学明显表现出"体用一源"的易学思维方式。这一解《易》路径对其后学影响深远,开启了以易学注解、诠释阳明心学的滥觞。     

儒家诗学思想的内在理路

儒家诗学思想存在着内在的理路,决定了其内在架构与本质特征。儒家诗学思想的核心在于功用,并以功用为起点建构起了诗教体系。儒家秉持认识论的思维方式,认为文学是对现实生活正向的、直接的反映,是客观的再现。功用强调普遍性,其实现的前提为内容的普遍性。公共性的"志"成为诗教的必要前提,故儒家主张"诗言志"。通过话语阐释,儒家把《诗经》政教化,将其本旨阐释为"言志"。志形于言乃为诗。志需要普遍性的表达方式,即普遍性的言,才能确保诗教的顺利实现。赋比兴是儒家认同的普遍性表现方式,为诗歌创作提供了经典范式。儒家把言道德化,确立了诗教的形式基础。     

黄绾的“艮止”心学——兼谈黄绾心学的天台佛学性格

明代思想家黄绾通过对《周易》"艮"卦的创造性解读,建立了一个从"心性论"的角度而不是从"实学"的角度来反对王阳明心学的所谓"艮止"心学,在当时独树一帜。此一"艮止"心学在黄绾看来乃是"孔门正传",乃是"圣人传心之学"。"艮止"心学主张人的"心"是唯一的,不管是君子的"天命之心"还是小人的"无容之心",不管是喜怒还是哀乐,其实都只是一个"心"而不是两个"心"。黄绾"艮止"心学对"心"的这种"一元化"理解与天台宗"一念三千"学说对"心"的理解如出一辙。     

黄宗羲对阳明心学的定位

黄宗羲作为王门后学的一名得力干将,同时也是与王夫之、顾炎武齐名的明末清初三大思想家之一。他集"王门后学"与"明末启蒙思想家"的身份于一身,对明代阳明心学有着特殊的情感和定位,这一定位即"立心学为圣学"。在尊崇与维护阳明心学的基础上,黄宗羲不仅对阳明心学和释老之学做了区分,而且还努力为"王门四句教"辩难,试图从"心即理"的命题出发,划分儒释之界限;也试图通过重新理解"四句教"的涵义、置疑"四句教"的出处,以剔除"四句教"对阳明心学的负面影响。黄宗羲对阳明心学的定位,不仅充分显示出其本人的学术好尚,同时也反映出其作为一名学术史家在一定程度上对明代学术领域中阳明心学、程朱理学和释氏之学的论断和评价。     

取法程朱,辨乎阳明——吕柟的《孟子》学及其思想意义

吕柟乃明代与王阳明中分其盛的关学集大成者,以"取法程朱、辨乎阳明"为宗旨对《孟子》展开创造性诠释。在理(性)气关系上,他反对张载、朱子的"理气为二",主张"性在气上求"的"理气非二"说;在"良知"上,他批判阳明的"良知"之教过于浑沦和笼统,并以朱子的"知先行后"纠正阳明的"知行合一";在"浩然之气"上,他认为这恰恰是孟子不及孔子处;在心性工夫上,他提出"收心之学,以仁为主",以求凸显仁学的本旨和地位。吕柟的《孟子》学折射出秉承张载关学重视践履、批驳阳明心学、羽翼、修正朱子学的诠释特质,有力推动张载关学、朱子学的深化与发展,对于探究张载关学、朱子学在明代的流变具有重要的思想意义。     

心学的理论逻辑与经学方法——以陆九渊、杨简、王阳明为例

心学重视"顿悟"。顿悟虽然是一种直觉思维,但心学作为一种学说,自有其理论逻辑。心学认为,人的心量与宇宙同大,只有此"心"对宇宙的感应与认知,宇宙才能呈现出意义。在"本心"与六经关系上,心学主张"六经注我",经典为我服务,不是我为经典服务,由此彰显出一种顶天立地的主体精神,训诂稽古的传统经学因此衰落。但它也提供了一个心学的解经视角,刺激了经学的新发展。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.