青少年个性特征、最要好同伴吸烟行为与青少年吸烟行为的关系

本研究旨在探讨最要好同伴吸烟、青少年个性特征与青少年吸烟行为的关系.对北京市一所普通中学和一所重点中学的1042名初一至高三学生进行问卷调查,让被试自我报告他们和最要好同伴的吸烟行为,以及他们的个性特点.结果表明:(1)吸烟和不吸烟的青少年在遵从动机、自我效能感上存在着显著的差异.与不吸烟青少年相比,吸烟的青少年表现出更高的遵从动机和更低的自我效能感;(2)青少年的遵从动机、自我效能感与最要好同伴吸烟行为间存在显著关系.遵从动机高、自我效能感低的青少年,其最要好同伴吸烟率要显著地高于遵从动机低、自我效能感高的青少年;(3)最要好同伴吸烟行为与青少年吸烟行为间存在极其显著的相关;(4)最要好同伴吸烟行为既对青少年吸烟行为产生直接作用,又通过自我效能感、遵从动机对青少年吸烟行为产生间接影响.但最要好同伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为的直接作用要大于间接作用.     

社会榜样与青少年吸烟行为的关系

本研究对北京市1042名初一至高三学生进行问卷调查,以考察最要好同伴、父母、学校和大众媒体对青少年吸烟行为的影响。研究发现,各种社会因素与青少年吸烟行为有显著的关系;女生更多地受到最要好同伴吸烟行为、母亲吸烟行为和态度以及户外广告的影响;最要好同伴吸烟、学校对吸烟的态度对初中生的影响更大,而高中生更多地受到父亲吸烟行为和户外广告的影响;各种社会因素的影响大小依次为:最要好同伴吸烟、父亲吸烟行为、学校周围广告、母亲和学校对吸烟的态度。     

环境和个体因素与青少年吸烟行为的发生

选择追踪调查中前测从不吸烟的659个初一、初二、高一和高二学生为本研究的有效被试,考察环境和个体因素与青少年吸烟行为发生的关系.结果表明:(1)在半年期间,约9%的青少年开始出现吸烟行为,男生、成绩较差的学生开始吸烟的人数显著地多于女生和成绩较好的学生;(2)同伴吸烟行为和吸烟态度、同伴直接和常规压力、母亲吸烟行为、父母吸烟态度以及青少年自我肯定、反叛性和抵制技能的变化与其吸烟行为的发生显著相关;(3)逻辑回归表明,前测中同伴直接压力、父亲吸烟态度和反叛性可以显著地预测青少年吸烟行为的发生.     

青少年吸烟行为的预防与干预

以两所普通中学的573名初一、初二、高一和高二的学生为被试,随机将每个年级的两个斑分成干预组和控制组,干预组接受名为“远离香烟”(SAFT)的预防和干预方案,方案包括四个成分：即健康教育、识别并抵制同伴压力、大众媒体影响以及吸烟认知,以达到延缓或减少青少年吸烟行为的目的。方案共包括7次活动,每次45分钟,每周开展一次活动,共持续7周。结果发现：（1）干预组后测中的上个月吸烟行为比前测降低了5．2％,而控制组后测吸烟行为则上升了2．3％。同样的趋势表现在不同性别、不同年级的青少年身上;(2)预防和干预方案对减少干预组偶尔吸烟者的吸烟行为尤其有效;(3)在吸烟认知的转变上,干预组后测比前测更显著或接近显著地反对吸烟会带来友谊和形象等方面的好处,更赞同吸烟的危害性。而控制组则正相反;(4)方案可以有效地提高干预组的抵制技能;(5)在所有的干预成分中,只有后测吸烟与友谊的认识以及吸烟危害认识可以显著地预测干预组青少年的后测吸烟行为,而没有一个变量可预测控制组后测吸烟行为;(6)预防和干预条件通过后测吸烟好处、吸烟危害认识间接地对青少年后测吸烟行为产生影响。     

父母和同伴因素对青少年饮酒行为的影响

环境是影响青少年饮酒行为的重要因素之一。本研究以南京市初一、初二、高一、高二共995个中学生为被试,考察父母和同伴因素对青少年饮酒行为的影响以及相对影响力。要求青少年自我报告他们自己、父母和同伴的饮酒行为和态度以及父母监控、父母教养方式情况。结果表明:(1)青少年的饮酒行为较为普遍,70%左右的青少年曾饮过啤酒或葡萄酒,25%左右的青少年曾饮过白酒。约10%的青少年经常饮啤酒和葡萄酒,2%的青少年经常饮白酒;(2)父/母饮酒行为和态度、父母监控、父母教养方式、同伴饮酒人数和态度与青少年的饮酒行为显著相关;(3)Amos结果表明,父母饮酒行为和态度对青少年饮酒行为有直接的预测作用,父母饮酒行为和态度还通过同伴饮酒人数和态度间接地预测青少年的饮酒行为。同时,父母饮酒行为和态度对青少年饮酒行为的影响力大于同伴饮酒行为和态度的影响力。     

家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为的关系

以北京市一所普通中学初一至初三的学生为被试,全面考察家庭诸因素与初中生吸烟行为的关系。单因素X^2检验发现,母亲吸烟行为与态度、情感温暖,家庭沟通、凝聚力,父母监控,父亲吸烟态度、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认和过分干涉与初中生的吸烟行为有显著关系;多因素逻辑回归分析表明,只有母亲吸烟态度和吸烟行为、家庭沟通对青少年吸烟行为有显著影响作用。     

同伴与青少年吸烟行为关系的研究进展

同伴一直被认为是影响青少年发展的最重要的因素之一。在有关青少年吸烟行为的研究中,同伴无疑是研究的核心。回顾有关青少年吸烟行为研究的历史,我们发现主要有以下研究内容：     

青少年吸烟行为:现状、影响因素和预防干预

本文总结了我们自1991年以来有关青少年吸烟行为现状、危害、影响因素以及预防干预研究的部分成果.文章揭示,我国青少年吸烟是一个非常严重的现象,青少年自身、同伴、家庭和社会等很多因素都对青少年的吸烟行为产生影响.在研究基础上,自行开发的"远离香烟"青少年吸烟行为预防干预方案具有一定的即时和长期的干预效果.文章最后,还对今后的研究进行了一定的展望.     

青少年关于抽烟、饮酒的危害认识及其对青少年抽烟、饮酒行为的影响

在我们关于同伴压力(常规压力和直接压力)和父母监控对青少年抽烟行为、饮酒行为的影响的研究中,我们发现同伴压力和父母监控对青少年抽烟行为和饮酒行为有非常直接的作用,但同时,我们也认识到,诸如同伴压力、父母监控一类的因素只是影响青少年抽烟行为、饮酒行为的外因,而青少年自身对抽烟、饮酒的态度、认识、观念等内因在他们抽烟行为、饮酒行为中起什么作用,是一个值得探讨的问题。     

改变初中生吸烟态度的同伴教育干预研究

目的:检验同伴教育干预实验是否能改变初中生的吸烟态度。方法:通过KAP问卷对实验组和对照组吸烟初中生收集量化数据,评价干预效果。结果:⑴同质同伴教育者在吸烟知识、态度和行为上有明显变化(后测结果显示三组被试在知识、态度和行为上的Z值分别为:9.036、8.278、7.206,P<0.05);⑵实验组比对照组在吸烟知识、态度和行为上有显著提高(同质组与比照组在知识、态度和行为上的Z值分别为:-2.400、-2.206、-2.123,P<0.05;异质组与比照组在知识、态度和行为上的Z值分别为:-2.400、-2.300、-2.430,P<0.05);⑶同质与异质实验组在吸烟知识、态度和行为上有显著提高(同质组前后测在知识、态度和行为上的Z值分别为:-2.919、-2.371、-2.437,P<0.05;异质组前后测在知识、态度和行为上的Z值分别为:2.890、-2.091、-2.419,P<0.05);[4]同质与异质同伴组的比较没有差异。结论:同伴教育干预方法可以在一定程度上改变初中生的吸烟态度,同质团体与异质团体在同伴教育干预中不存在差异。     

Smoking-specific communication and children's smoking onset: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour

The aim of this study was to test whether maternal smoking-specific communication and parental smoking related to smoking cognitions (i.e. attitude, self-efficacy and social norm) derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour in association with smoking onset during preadolescence. A total of 1478 pairs of mothers and children participated (mean age: 10.11; standard deviation?=?0.78). Structural equation models in Mplus were used to examine whether smoking-specific communication influences children's smoking cognitions, which in turn, affect smoking onset. A positive association was found between pro-smoking attitudes and smoking onset. Smoking-specific communication and parental smoking were related to smoking cognitions. Specifically, frequency of communication was negatively associated with pro-smoking attitudes, social norms of mother and best friend. Quality of communication related negatively to pro-smoking attitudes and positively to self-efficacy and norms of friends. Parental smoking was positively associated with pro-smoking attitudes and norms of mother and (best) friends. Additionally, more frequent communication and higher levels of parental smoking were associated with higher smoking onset. In conclusion, smoking-specific communication and parental smoking were associated with smoking cognitions and smoking onset. Already during preadolescence, parents contribute to shaping the smoking cognitions of their children, which may be predictive of smoking later in life.     

Passive smoking is associated with cognitive and emotional impairment in adolescent girls

It is well established that smoking is associated with impaired mental health and sleep problems. However, the possible effects of passive smoking on cognitive and emotional characteristics have not previously been evaluated in adolescents. We investigated the association between passive smoking and cognitive and emotional function, and sleep patterns in 940 adolescent girls. The girls were divided into two groups [305 exposed subjects and 635 non-exposed subjects (the controls)]. The passive smokers had a significantly lower cognitive function and higher depression, aggression, and insomnia scores compared to the control group (P?<?0.05). No significant difference was detected with respect to day-time sleepiness and sleep apnea. Logistic regression analyses showed that the passive smokers were more likely than the controls to have cognitive impairments, depressive mood, aggressive behavior, and insomnia. Adolescent passive smokers had significant differences in their cognitive abilities and emotional function.     

Parenting style and adolescent smoking cognitions and behaviour

Parenting style and smoking-related cognitions have both successfully predicted adolescent smoking behaviour. Data were collected among 482 Dutch adolescents to examine whether effects of parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, rejecting, neglecting, measured by underlying dimensions support, strict control, and psychological control) on adolescent lifetime smoking were mediated by cognitions (pro-smoking attitude, social norm, self-efficacy, intention) and to study the role of gender in this process. Support was not significantly associated with smoking behaviour. The inverse relation between strict control and smoking was partly mediated by attitude and intention, both associated with increased smoking. Psychological control related directly to increased lifetime smoking. Combinations of dimensions creating the specific styles were not associated with cognitions or behaviour. Maternal and paternal parenting were equally associated with smoking cognitions and behaviour; nor were effects moderated by adolescent gender. Interventions to prevent adolescent smoking initiation should aim at increasing strict control and reducing psychological control.     

父母冲突、青少年应对策略及其与青少年社会适应的关系

以736名小学、初中、高中学生为被试,着重探讨了父母冲突内容、青少年应对策略和青少年社会适应之间的关系。研究发现:(1)父母冲突中指向孩子和指向父母自身的冲突普遍较少,但指向孩子的冲突显著地多于指向父母自身的冲突。指向孩子的冲突存在显著的性别和年级主效应;(2)青少年所使用的间接应对策略要显著地多于直接应对策略,直接应对和间接应对策略均存在显著的性别和年级主效应;(3)青少年的不良行为存在显著的性别主效应,学习问题、抑郁和主观幸福感存在显著的年级主效应;(4)父母冲突多的青少年和使用应对策略少的青少年出现的不良行为、学习问题和抑郁要显著地高于父母冲突少、使用应对策略多的青少年,但前者感受到的主观幸福感要显著地少于后者;(5)指向孩子的冲突和直接应对策略可以显著地预测青少年的不良行为,指向孩子和指向父母自身的冲突可以显著地预测青少年的学习问题。间接应对策略和指向父母自身的冲突可以显著地预测青少年的抑郁情绪,同时,间接应对策略可以显著地影响青少年的主观幸福感。     

Behavioral Problems in Taiwanese Children of Adolescent and Adult Mothers

The purpose of this study was to estimate child behavioral problems over time and determine gender differences in behavioral problems between children born to adolescent and adult mothers in Taiwan. The consistency between parent’s and teacher’s reports was also examined. Secondary analysis of a longitudinal dataset from Taiwan was conducted. A matched sample of 107 children born to adolescent mothers and 111 children born to adult mothers were recruited. Child behavioral problems were assessed by parents at Time 1 (1^st and 2^nd grades) and by teachers at both Time 1 and Time 2 (5^th and 6^th grades). Generalized estimating equations and paired t-test were used. At Time 1, compared to children of adult mothers, children of adolescent mothers had had more behavioral problems by both parental and teacher’s reports. Both parents and teachers reported that boys had more behavioral problems than girls. Moreover, according to teacher reports, children of adolescent mothers and boys had more behavioral problems and these differences persisted over time, even controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, parents reported higher scores of behavioral problems than teachers. In conclusion, child behavioral problems in Taiwan are associated with maternal age at child birth and child’s gender. Interventions may profitably focus on determining the mechanisms that lead to behavior problems in children of adolescent mothers, and/or reducing adolescent pregnancy as a way of decreasing child behavioral problems. Screening and preventive interventions for child behavior problems may need to be gender-specific.     

Actions taken by schools when tobacco policies are violated: associations with adolescent smoking prevalence

This study examined the association of adolescent smoking prevalence with actions taken by schools (i.e., informing parents or disciplining pupils at school) for violating the school tobacco policy. Interaction terms between actions taken by schools and role models' smoking behavior or support for adolescents were also examined. Data were collected using self-completed questionnaires from a nationally representative Norwegian sample of 15-year-olds (1,404 pupils, 51% males) and 73 staff members. Informing parents when the school tobacco policy was violated by contrast with other actions taken by schools was not associated with lower levels of adolescent smoking. Disciplining pupils was associated with lower levels of adolescent smoking but the association was no longer significant when examined together with parents' and teachers' smoking behavior or support. Exposure to parents' and teachers' smoking, and teachers' support were associated with adolescent smoking prevalence, irrespective of actions taken by schools. Identifying the mechanism under which these different home and school factors relate to adolescent smoking may be worthwhile to inform intervention initiatives.     

Quitting smoking: The importance of non-smoker identity in predicting smoking behaviour and responses to a smoking ban

Objective: We examined how ‘smoker’ and ‘non-smoker’ self- and group-identities and socio-economic status (SES) may predict smoking behaviour and responses to antismoking measures (i.e. the Dutch smoking ban in hospitality venues). We validated a measure of responses to the smoking ban.

Design: Longitudinal online survey study with one-year follow-up (N = 623 at T1 in 2011; N = 188 at T2 in 2012) among daily smokers.

Main outcome measures: Intention to quit, quit attempts and ‘rejecting’, ‘victimizing’, ‘socially conscious smoking’ and ‘active quitting’ responses to the smoking ban.

Results: Non-smoker identities are more important than smoker identities in predicting intention to quit, quit attempts and responses to the smoking ban, even when controlling for other important predictors such as nicotine dependence. Smokers with stronger non-smoker identities had stronger intentions to quit, were more likely to attempt to quit between measurements, and showed less negative and more positive responses to the smoking ban. The association between non-smoker self-identity and intention to quit was stronger among smokers with lower than higher SES.

Conclusion: Antismoking measures might be more effective if they would focus also on the identity of smokers, and help smokers to increase identification with non-smoking and non-smokers.