儒士佛教观研究的学术价值

近年来,我集中精力对宋代儒士关于佛教的认知、理解和评价方面的文献进行了较为系统的搜集、整理和研究。经过对文献的反复阅读和深入研究,感觉到儒士佛教观是一个具有重要学术价值的课题。我也希望我的这份心得能与学界同仁分享,并希望得到高明的指教,故权将我的一些想法略陈于此。一、选题上的开创性所谓儒士佛教观,是指儒士对佛教的认知、理解和评价。具体而言,是指儒士对佛教常识的认知、佛教教义的理解和佛教功用的评价。在以往的佛教与儒学关系研究中,主要涉及这样两个方面:第一,以高僧为中心的佛教与儒学关系的研究。就是研究高僧对…     

“务虚”与“求真”:陆王心学与伊本·阿拉比修心学说比较

<正>中国的心性之学,肇始于孔孟,发展于庄禅,完备于陆九渊,集大成于王阳明。孟子以心为宗,建立起心性论的基本框架,堪称心学始祖。南宋陆九渊直承孟子,提出“心即理”的心性观,其心性修养论与庄禅哲学存在密切联系,明儒王阳明全面继承并进一步发展了陆九渊的心性思想,提出“致良知”的思想命题,直指本心。至此,具有完备体系和丰富内涵的心学学派正式形成,这就是学术思想界所称的“陆王心学”。     

儒士佛教观研究的思想史价值——评李承贵教授的《儒士视域中的佛教——宋代儒士佛教观研究》

李承贵教授的博士学位论文<儒士视域中的佛教--宋代儒士佛教观研究>(宗教文化出版社2007年10月出版),有论者在2008年1月31日的<社会科学报>撰文指出,该书堪称宋代儒佛关系研究的新成就.沿着这一评论向前走,儒士佛教观研究的思想史价值广口J题有必要进入阅读者的思考视野.     

认知与误读--宋代儒士佛教思想论略

至有宋一代,佛教已成为中国思想文化的一个重要组成部分。宋代儒士对佛教常识、佛教教义都有较深入的认知与把握,但也存在大面积的误读;宋代儒士一方面主观地批佛、排佛,另一方面却客观地成就了“批判的佛教”。宋代儒士对佛教的认识、理解和评价,不仅有助于弄清宋代新儒学与佛教之关系,也有助于进一步把握宋代学术之分野,而且可以加深我们对佛教中国化的理解。     

陆九渊的做人之学及其对朱熹之学的批判

“学者所以为学,学为人而已”,陆九渊之学以其鲜明的“做人”色彩对朱熹之学展开了批判。就笔者所接触到的今日研究陆九渊思想之文来看,虽有指出这个特点者,但语之未详。私下以为,如能从此角度再述陆九渊思想,对于加深对陆九渊思想的理解,进而加深对王阳明之学的理解,或许更为有利。因此,特作短文,以请教于大方之家。     

从陆九渊到王守仁——论“心学”的彻底确立

<正> 宋明儒学之“心学”一系,常以“陆王”并称。但实际上陆九渊和王守仁有不容忽视的区别。有些论者曾纯从理论形态的角度考察陆王之异,如模糊与明晰、疏阔与严密、点悟与分解等等。这些考虑都有道理,但却无关宏旨。只有透过它看到一个理论彻底性问题,才算抓住了陆王之异的意义所在。本文便试图通过考察陆王之异,清理一下“心学”从陆九渊到王守仁臻于成熟、彻底确立的内在思想脉络。     

杨简与陆九渊

杨简,字敬仲,浙江慈溪人.曾筑室德润湖(慈湖)上,世称慈湖先生.生于南宋高宗十一年(1141),卒于理宗宝庆二年(1226).他是陆九渊的高足弟子.陆九渊的“本心”学说以甬上四学者——杨简、袁燮、舒璘、沈焕为得其传,而杨简居其首.虽然历来的学者在评论陆派学说时,对杨简多有微辞,但从心学的发展过程来看,却是杨简发挥了陆九渊心学的核心部分,使陆学能够在哲学理论上独立于朱熹理学,并经明代王阳明学说的接续发展,进一步完善了陆王心学的理论体系,从而形成支配一代学术的思想潮流.从这点上看,全谢山说“文元(杨简)为陆氏功臣”(《宋元学案》卷七十四《慈湖学案》),是丝毫也不过分的.故述杨简与陆九渊思想的异同及继承发展关系,以就教学界.     

论陆九渊《易》说

南宋哲学家陆九渊的"心学"思想体系中,多有依傍<易>论、融汇<易>理者在.对<周易>这部经典,陆九渊虽然没有进行系统的阐释,却以随机指点的"圆而神"的形式,发挥了许多精辟的论说."无极""太极"之辩、"乾坤易简"的原则性观念、"三才之道"的哲理内涵、<复><艮>二卦及"三陈九卦"的义理精蕴、<周易>经传所示社会人事观等,构成了陆九渊<易>说的最主要内容.     

象山心学视野下的九卦之序——兼与张勇先生商榷

宋代理学的易学维度,是中国学术史上浓墨重彩的一笔。陆九渊虽然没有像程颐、朱熹那样系统地注释《周易》,但对九卦说的重视程度实远胜程、朱。陆九渊赋予了九卦丰富的心学内涵,而其中的某些内容与康德的实践哲学亦有一定程度的相通性。陆九渊对于九卦之序的心学诠解,是其道德哲学的缩影。     

契嵩的《中庸》诠释

北宋中期,《中庸》作为"性命之书"已为儒士广泛接受,并发挥《中庸》的思想以回应佛教的挑战。因此,契嵩也解《中庸》与儒士辩,一方面,援儒入释,通过对《中庸》的"性"、"中庸"等概念的分析,强调了儒释之同,以调和儒释关系;另一方面,并没有改变佛教的立场,从多个层面证明佛道高于儒(含《中庸》)道,进而以佛教统括儒、道。既然《中庸》所讲的道理都比佛教低,那么以此来治心或治身所能达到的境界自然是低层次的。     

《禅林宝训》伦理思想儒学化探析

《禅林宝训》反复宣说的道、利之辨以及诚信等道德规范 ,在内容乃至形式上与儒家伦理基本一致。《禅林宝训》充分吸收儒家伦理思想 ,主张儒、佛融合 ,一方面是加强丛林自身道德建设的内在需要 ,另一方面是中国禅宗人间化的客观要求。佛教的五戒十善等伦理与儒家伦理存在相似之处 ,这为《禅林宝训》充分吸收、融合儒家伦理提供了内在理论契机。     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">W</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Bold">ang</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Bold">Fuzhi’s Criticism of Buddhism and Its Limitations</Emphasis>

Wang Fuzhi’s 王夫之 remarks on Buddhism have not been given sufficient attention despite increasing research on him. The few works on this topic either focus on just one aspect of his view of Buddhism or fail to disclose the purpose and uniqueness of his attack of it. This essay analyzes his view of Buddhism comprehensively, in particular his insight into the paradox of Buddhist universal love and his rejection of Buddhist retribution and reincarnation from Confucian righteousness and qi 氣-monism. In addition, it also explores the reason, context, and limitations of his criticism, that is, his reaction to the popular approach of “understanding Confucian classics through learning Buddhism” in the late Ming 明, his response to Zongmi’s 宗密 criticism of Confucian cosmology and human nature, and his misunderstanding of some Buddhist concepts. Yet his criticism is still illuminating to our understanding of the interaction of Confucianism with Buddhism and other religions.     

Swapping Gender Traditionalism: Christianity,Buddhism, and Gender Ideology in South Korea

South Korea provides an ideal setting for studying religion and gender because Western and local religions are both prominent, and Confucianist beliefs still shape gender norms. Using the 2018 Korean General Social Survey, this study examines the extent to which two dimensions of gender traditionalism in South Korea–Confucian patriarchal ideology (i.e., belief in the subordination of women for Confucian patriarchy) and separate spheres ideology (i.e., belief that men are better suited to work and women to domestic responsibilities)—vary across Buddhists, Catholics, Protestants, and the nonaffiliated. The findings show that Christians have the lowest endorsement for Confucian patriarchal ideology while supporting separate spheres ideology as much as Buddhists, who are most gender traditional in both dimensions. The results illustrate the dynamics between religion and gender norms in South Korea's context, demonstrating how Christianity combines Western modernization with gender-essentialist traditionalism, while Buddhism maintains Confucian patriarchal values.     

PRINCIPLES OF BUDDHISM

Abstract. This paper presents Buddhism as a path theory in which the adherent practices mindfulness in order to see the world as-it-is. The world as presented in a human situation is an interdependently originating process to which one can bring meaning but in which meaning is not inherent. The conceptualizing process by which one concretizes reality is the foundation on which human frustrations and disease arise. However, it is by this conceptualizing process that one establishes a cosmological view of the universe. The soteriological consideration in Buddhism is to realize that reality created by the mind is like an illusion, a concretization of an interdependently originating process into a substantive reality. Through this realization one can remove the delusion created by mind and see reality as-it-is.     

《周易正义》之编撰

唐代为五经撰正义,为注疏统一之始。清儒服膺汉学,主翔实,故于《正义》多所讥诋,讥其虚浮。然唐时,儒玄合流,既已蔚为风气,孔氏《周易正义》之所以以形上学为纲纪者,亦非无故。此外,《周易正义》释义先以辅嗣为本,旁引汉魏南北朝诸说以供参证,有驳有断、有议有辩,与《书》《诗》《札记》诸疏之参据旧疏、杂出众手者不同。具体而言,《周易正义》调融南北,荟萃诸家,故用王而不固于王;参以玄言,故义理架构颇与老庄相通;渐染于浮屠,故排佛而用佛;发明义例、考辨意旨,自下新义,故有学术价值可言,尤宋人疑古开新之先导,非株守一先生说者可比。     

佛教易学发展史综论

以佛教教义解说易理,或以易理解说佛教教义,可以称之为佛教易学,或佛学易。自三国时康僧会引易明佛始,佛教易学从最初的格义逐渐发展壮大起来。在魏晋南北朝时期,佛教易学成为玄学的重要组成部分,推动了儒学的义理哲学化发展,对易学传播作出了积极贡献。隋唐时期,佛教界大多借助易学象数、义理权说佛理,在佛教各宗创教立派方面起到了重要的辅助作用。两宋时期,儒学复兴,宋儒借佛理论易解易,而佛教徒论易反不如儒家为盛。此时,杨简、王宗传等以心学言易而流于禅,开易学新风。明清时期,尤其是明代后期,儒家以狂禅解易,流于异学,而佛学界以佛释易、以易论佛也十分盛行,其中,紫柏真可、释智旭更有专门易著,最为知名。民国以来,以佛论易,其风不替。     

论易学史研究在易佛关系问题上的两个疏忽——兼谈太虚大师的易学思想

易学是中国学术史上的一大显学。学界对于易学史的研究已取得了相当的成就,但这一成就背后却还留存着一个遗憾．那就是我们的易学史研究疏忽了易佛关系这一大课题,这包括两个方面(一)我们没有研究在佛教传入中国的前期,为什么佛教在与儒学和道学相沟通的同时却不与易学相沟通;(二)我们没有重视宋明以后存在的大规模的易佛沟通现象。本文以素描的方式勾画出了一幅被学者们忽略了的易佛关系图,有理有据地对疏忽易佛关系的研究状态提出了警策,并以太虚大师的易学思想为例,说明了易佛关系是不应该被疏忽的。     

Beyond the logic of Lemma: the oneness of life and its environment,the oneness of within and without

In this paper the ‘analyst as a citizen in the world’ is understood as the analyst interconnecting and harmonising with his or her environment, including not only society, but also nature and the universe. In this sense, Buddhism teaches the Oneness of Life and its Environment, and links are made between Mahayana Buddhism and Jung's understanding of the Self and individuation. The Logic of Lemma in the Flower Ornament Sutra indicates that all phenomena in the world can merge with each other without losing individuality; ten stages are described from the Lotus Sutra and links are made with the development in respect to the ego; Kenji Miyazawa and his work are given as examples to illustrate this. Causality and synchronicity are explored in terms of the interaction between the individual and the environment, and three examples are given where sometimes individual, egoic, causality is more of a feature and sometimes synchronicity has a greater prominence. The paper ends with an examination of tree drawings, made over a period of 50 years by junior high school students, which indicates the way that these individuals have portrayed themselves and their relation to their environment.     

基于中国文化的人格与动机理论——中国人格模型与关键需要理论

以邓小平等29位中外杰出人物为研究对象,以他们的32本传记为编码材料,以《论语管理素质编码手册》为工具,针对中外杰出人物儒家心理资产和债务的结构与发展,进行了一系列实证研究。结果发现,在中外杰出人物的儒家心理资产结构中,明、语、功、友、劳、政和变的品质为七种关键品质;在中外杰出人物儒家心理债务的结构中,恶见、疑、瞋、慢、痴和贪的品质为六种核心品质。前者与道家智慧存在神秘的对应关系,后者与佛家智慧存在神秘的对应关系。基于该系列研究,修正了西方心理学家提出的人格五因素理论,提出了具有中国文化特色的人格理论——中国人格模型,提出了具有中国文化特色的动机理论——关键需要理论。