工作狂的研究述评

工作狂是指那些在强烈的内部动机的驱动下,长期投入大量时间和精力到工作上的个体,其形成和发展可以用成瘾模型、强化理论、特质理论和家庭系统理论来解释。工作狂的测量工具主要有工作成瘾风险测验、工作狂问卷和工作狂行为量表。该领域的研究者对于人格变量、人口统计学变量和组织因素等工作狂前因变量及健康、人际关系等工作狂的结果变量的探讨比较深入,但在概念界定、理论整合、测量工具、取样和变量探索等方面还有待进一步研究     

主观规范对大学生志愿者志愿工作投入的影响机制研究——一个链式双重中介模型

志愿工作投入直接影响志愿服务活动运转的效果,对大学生志愿者的志愿工作投入影响机制展开研究。基于计划行为理论、自我决定理论和角色认同理论,构建了以主观规范为自变量、大学生志愿工作投入为因变量、角色认同和志愿服务激情为中介变量的一个链式双重中介模型。通过对330名大学生志愿者进行问卷调查,采用层次回归和Bootstrap检验方法对问卷数据进行模型检验。研究结果表明：主观规范对大学生志愿者志愿工作投入有正向积极的影响,这种影响是通过角色认同和志愿服务激情传递的,志愿服务激情的中介效应更强;角色认同和志愿服务激情在主观规范对志愿工作投入的影响机制中起着链式双重中介作用。研究为大学生志愿服务领域相关工作提供了理论指导。     

志愿行为对个人幸福的影响

志愿行为是在组织背景下, 个体经过深思熟虑之后, 自愿对那些主动寻求帮助的对象提供长期且无偿的帮助的行为。志愿行为可通过维持身心健康, 改变应对方式和改善生活状态来促进个体幸福的实现。社会融合说、心理资源说以及换位体验说在一定程度上解释了志愿行为对个体幸福的作用机制。研究者从志愿者的角度就志愿行为对志愿者幸福的影响进行了较为深入的探讨, 而志愿行为对受助者幸福的影响以及个体幸福与志愿行为的互惠作用仍待进一步研究。     

企业中的上级信任：作为一种行动意愿

组织信任已成为管理学领域的热点研究议题, 虽然研究者开发了多种信任测量工具, 但多数信任测量工具与当前主导的组织信任定义不一致, 缺乏针对意愿的信任测量, 更没有研究探讨不同形态信任之间的关系及相应测量工具的适用范围。本研究以上级信任为切入点, 试图回答上述问题。研究1将信任视为一种行动意愿, 基于信任行为理论框架和开放性问卷结果, 开发了包含6个题目、“依赖”和“表露”两个维度的《企业员工对直接上级信任问卷》。研究2以553名企业员工为被试, 通过潜变量路径分析考察了不同形态信任之间的关系。结果显示：信任(意愿)受认知和情绪因素的共同影响; 可信度在信任基础和信任(意愿)间起部分中介作用; 信任(意愿)在可信度和工作满意的关系中起完全中介作用; 作为意愿的信任, 相对于信任基础(认知和情感信任)和可信度, 与信任结果变量(工作满意)关系最近, 能更直接、有效地测量信任水平。     

领导-部属交换（LMX）的回顾与展望

领导-部属交换理论从领导和部属的对偶关系中考察领导行为及其对下属的绩效、组织承诺等结果变量的影响。文章回顾了领导-部属交换的文献,对于它的概念、理论基础、结构、测量工具等进行了综合介绍,对不同测量工具的各自的特点以及它们之间的关系做了分析,接着总结了影响领导-部属关系的影响因素和结果变量以及与变革型领导的关系,最后提出未来研究应该加强从领导部属交换的发展阶段以及从部属或领导的角度来分析领导-部属交换理论     

大学生志愿功能动机与志愿行为:感恩品质的中介作用

采用志愿功能动机问卷、感恩品质量表和志愿行为问卷调查260名大学生,建立结构方程,考察感恩品质在志愿功能动机与志愿行为之间的中介作用。结果发现:(1)志愿功能动机、价值观表达、学习理解、社会交往、职业生涯、自我增强、自我表达、感恩品质、感恩认知、感恩情感、感恩行为、志愿行为之间均显著正相关;(2)志愿功能动机、感恩品质可正向预测志愿行为;(3)感恩品质部分中介志愿功能动机和志愿行为,志愿功能动机既直接导致志愿行为,也通过感恩品质间接影响志愿行为。     

内隐追随理论:概念、测量、前因及后果

内隐追随理论,是个体心目中既存的关于追随者的特质和行为的认知结构或图式,是当前组织行为研究领域中的一个新兴的概念。内隐追随理论与X-Y理论、内隐绩效理论等既有区别又有联系。内隐追随理论研究的理论基础主要可归纳为认知分类模型、信息加工模型及联结主义网络模型等。现有研究还对内隐追随理论的测量、前因变量和后果变量等进行了初步的探讨。未来研究中,可能会注重开发更有效的测验工具,深入探索影响内隐追随理论形成的因素,采用多种方法进一步澄清变量间的因果联系,以及加强内隐追随理论的本土化研究等。     

工作嵌入的概念、测量及相关变量

工作嵌入代表个体与工作的嵌入程度,用于解释个体为什么留在组织中的一系列因素,具有非情感性、多维度的特点。工作嵌入明显区别于工作满意度、组织承诺等组织行为学变量,包括匹配、联结以及牺牲三个维度。该文明确了工作嵌入与相关变量的概念区别,重点介绍了工作嵌入测量方法的发展以及其在组织行为领域中的研究成果,并指出了今后有必要对其影响因素、测量工具、维度以及结果变量拓展等四个方面进行探讨     

团队学习的理论与相关研究进展述评

团队学习是指团队成员通过互动不断获取、整合与分享知识, 并在此基础上改善行为、优化团队体系, 提升组织适应性以达到组织目标的过程。在文献研究的基础上, 介绍了团队学习的概念内涵和性质、理论基础、结构与测量, 并且探讨了团队学习的影响因素、影响效应模型及作用机制, 最后指出了团队学习研究应继续理清概念内涵的界定、结构与测量工具的开发、系统模型的构建扩充、影响效应的结果变量和跨文化扩展研究等问题。     

6至12岁儿童自立行为的研究

本研究在文献分析的基础上,通过临床访谈、开放式问卷调查等方法,构建了我国小学生自立行为的理论维度,并据此编制了小学生自立行为问卷。对问卷进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后表明:小学生自立行为是一个二维度、多层次的结构。小学生自立行为问卷的因素结构清晰,信度和效度较好,可以作为评鉴我国小学生自立行为的有效工具。     

Multidimensionality of the content of female sexual fantasy

A Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (FSFQ) was developed from factor analysis of ratings through which women indicated the erotic potency of fantasies depicting nominated sexual activities. Five dimensions of sexual fantasy (genital, sensual, sexual power, sexual suffering, forbidden sexual-activity themes) are assessed by FSFQ. The extent to which themes within FSFQ were rated as sexually arousing correlated with the levels of physiological response recorded by vaginal photoplethysmography while women engaged in fantasy employing these themes. Sexual fantasy as assessed by the FSFQ correlated only moderately with scores on measures of non-sexual cognition such as the Imaginal Processes Inventory and the Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery, and women with high and low scores on FSFQ were not readily differentiated by biographic and demographic variables. Contexts in which the FSFQ can be used are discussed.     

学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷的编制及其结构验证

目的:编制学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷并对其结构进行验证。方法:在理论分析和开放式问卷调查的基础上,编制了学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷,并采用探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析相结合的方法,分别对263名和387名学前儿童的自我控制行为进行结构的探索与验证。结果:学前儿童自我控制行为由独立性、自觉性、坚持性、自制力和自我延迟满足五个维度构成;学前儿童自我控制行为问卷具有较好的信效度,其结构在不同性别、城乡样本中具有稳定性。结论:学前儿童自我控制行为是一个五因素的结构,所编制的问卷可作为学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定的工具。     

父母表露与青少年人际能力的关系研究

本研究考察父母表露内容、动机及模式对他们孩子的同伴间人际能力的影响。68对亲子,共204人参加了本次研究,父母平均年龄44岁,青少年平均年龄17岁。青少年匿名填写《青少年人际能力问卷》,父母则各自填写《自我表露量表》和《表露话题与动机量表》。结果发现:(1)父母在表露话题、动机、模式上存在差异;(2)青少年的人际能力能够被父母表露话题、动机及模式预测,但父母变量对各能力的解释量有所不同;(3)青少年表达不满、情绪支持能力由父母表露变量共同预测,而发起交往、自我表露、冲突管理能力则由父亲表露变量单独预测。     

Temperament and sleep behaviors in infants and toddlers living in low-income homes

Temperament is a dynamic trait that can be shaped by maturity and environmental experiences. In this study, we sought to determine whether and the extent to which temperament was predicted by sleeping behaviors in an understudied sample of primarily Black and White infants and toddlers living in low-income homes (N = 150). Sleeping behaviors were assessed at 15–19 months of age with caregiver report of the Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire. Temperament was examined as effortful control, negativity, and surgency with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form at 9–12 months of age and with the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Short Form at 20–24 months of age. Covariates were maternal education, household income, and child sex and race. Continuous variables were standardized, then missing data from independent variables were multiply imputed in 20 datasets. Regression analyses showed that about 1 SD improvement in toddler sleep behaviors significantly predicted about 1/5 SD better toddler effortful control. However, sleep behaviors did not significantly predict toddler surgency or negative affect. This study shows that for a sample of infants and toddlers in low-income homes, how a child learns to regulate sleeping behaviors may influence the development of overall effortful control about six months later.     

The Relationship Between Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Their Fathers and Loneliness: A Cross-Cultural Study

Loneliness can be regarded as an epidemic of modern society that is becoming increasingly problematic for millions of people. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the development of this kind of emotional distress. Although many causes of loneliness can be identified, some researchers are of the opinion that it can also be attributed to unpleasant childhood experiences that result in unfulfilled needs relating to intimacy. In this research study, the relationship between loneliness and adolescents’ attitudes towards their fathers was investigated. In order to achieve this goal, information was gathered from 1068 South African respondents. Biographical questionnaires were administered and a Loneliness Scale was applied. In addition, adolescents’ attitudes towards their fathers were measured by means of a Fathers Questionnaire. Steps were taken to determine which of the independent variables, namely gender, age, race, language and socio-economic status, contributed significantly to the prediction of loneliness. In order to process the acquired information, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. The most important finding of this study is that adolescents’ attitudes towards their fathers comprise the most prominent predictor of loneliness during adolescence. The results also indicated that all of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence on loneliness.     

Prediction of job satisfactoriness for workers with severe handicaps from aptitudes,personality, and training ratings

The predictive validity of General Aptitude Test Battery and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire scores were compared to standard training ratings made by vocational instructors against the criterion of work performance measured by the Minnesota Satisfactoriness Scales for a sample of 106 employees with severe handicaps. The psychometric test variables were not correlated with the criterion; however, the training ratings were consistently predictive of the job satisfactoriness scores. These results suggest that the employment potential of job applicants with disabilities can be assessed more accurately using situational training ratings, as opposed to standardized psychometric test scores.     

Hardy personality, self-efficacy, and general health in nursing professionals of intensive and emergency services

In this study, the predictive power of hardy personality and generalized self-efficacy on general health perception was investigated in a sample of nursing personnel working in emergency and intensive care services. A cross-sectional retrospective design was used, and the following measurement instruments were applied: a sociodemographic and work questionnaire, Goldberg's GHQ-28 Health Questionnaire, the Baessler and Schwarzer General Self-efficacy Questionnaire, and the Hardy Personality Subscale of Moreno's Nursing Burnout Questionnaire (CDPE). The results revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between the individual variables of generalized self-efficacy and hardy personality. A canonical correlation analysis carried out on the psychological distress symptoms with self-efficacy and hardy personality as predictor variables, led us to emphasize the relevance of the construct total hardy personality as a predictor and, consequently, as a protective factor against the onset of psychological distress symptoms in the sample of professionals studied. Lastly, the implications of the results for clinical practice are discussed.