Science Anxiety as a Function of Gender and Experience

This study examined the influence of gender and various background factors on science anxiety. Students (50 women, 37 men) took the Science Anxiety Scale (Mallow, 1994), provided information about high school and college academic accomplishments, described gender-role stereotyping in the home, and evaluated their science teachers and science experiences. Most participants were Caucasian and from an upper-middle class background. Women were not uniformly more science anxious and had a relatively similar science background to men, although they had higher science grades in high school and did report less stringent sex-role socialization in the home. However, students with high science anxiety took fewer science courses in college, had lower SAT-Q scores, and reported that their high school science teachers were not helpful. The findings regarding gender- and anxiety-linked differences are discussed in terms of women's and men's differential interpretations of their abilities, the influence of parental gender typing on pursuit of science, and the gender-appropriateness of studying science.     

对死亡作为死亡的经验—关于《论精神》①中动物难题的注释

本文节选自《德里达〈论精神〉中“经验”一词的多重含义》，有改动。《德里达〈论精神〉中“经验”一词的多重含义》的主体部分是在北京大学“校长基金”项目的资助下完成的。文章对德里达在《论精神》中就海德格尔哲学提出的质疑与反思进行了重构，并把德里达论证的核心（或破绽）定位在《论精神》第九节和第六节的两个注释中，“经验”的概念不仅在论证的表层起了至关重要的作用，对这一概念的深入分析，也将展示出德里达批评有效性的限度。     

诊断脑死亡的伦理思考

随着医学的进步和社会的发展,死亡的定义、诊断标准和医生道德责任有了新的内容,脑死亡就是生命终结已为医学界普遍接受.诊断脑死亡是非常专业的技术性工作,有权进行脑死亡诊断的医疗单位和医生必须达到相应的资质要求.确诊和宣布脑死亡应遵循的伦理准则包含多方面的内容,如家属应有死亡标准选择权、脑死亡的诊断程序、脑死亡诊断结果的宣布和生效等方面的问题.     

聋人早期手语经验对脑功能及结构的塑造作用

语言经验对脑功能和结构发展有重要的塑造作用。然而, 目前的相关证据主要来自对脑损伤导致的失语症病人的语言康复、第二语言学习以及针对成人读者进行的语言训练等方面的研究。幼儿时期的早期语言经验对脑结构与功能发展的影响更加重要, 但直接的研究证据却相当缺乏。本文提出一个研究设想, 拟综合使用多种脑成像技术, 系统探讨有早期手语经验和无早期手语经验的聋人个体在脑皮层语言功能的组织及脑结构发育的差异, 包括语言任务中大脑语言区的激活模式, 静息状态下脑功能联结的默认网络特征, 脑皮层灰质密度, 以及神经纤维束发育状况等, 揭示早期语言经验对大脑功能和结构发育的塑造作用。     

The Brain and Development of Function

Neurobiological and functional development are discontinuous. The interrelationships between identifiable morphological processes and the developmental course of functional display are astonishingly weak. One of the first persons who tried to find a solution for this problem was McGraw. This paper takes up some of her ideas and develops them in the light of present knowledge. A plea is made for variability as the basic characteristic of normal development. Variability results from the fact that the normal brain is an active organ system which handles stimulations voluntarily. The brain's action/reaction ratio determines its functional integrity. During development variability has two aspects. One denotes the ability to construct pluriform strategies—primary variability—and the second the ability to select the proper strategy in any particular situation—adaptive variability. A damaged nervous system is characterized by a shift of the action/reaction ratio to the reactive side resulting in a decrease of variability and an inability to deal adequately with environmental changes. Issues like variations between and within individual infants and regressions of functional ability as features of normal—neurobiological—development were already recognized by McGraw as signs of nature/nurture interaction at a time in which neurobehavioral development was still considered to be a strictly maturational process. Her interpretation of behavioral development in terms of neurobiological processes stands at the cradle of modern insight.     

An Investigation of Irrational Beliefs and Death Anxiety as a Function of HIV Status

The present study investigated the relationship of irrational beliefs and death anxiety as a function of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in homosexual and bisexual men. Recruited for this study were 101 HIV-seropositive participants (34 asymptomatic, 30 symptomatic, and 37 symptomatic and diagnosed with AIDS) and a contrast group (40 HIV-seronegative). In the primary analysis, HIV-negative participants in this study could not be differentiated from asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS diagnosed HIV-infected participants on measures of death anxiety and irrational beliefs regardless of the status or severity of illness. In addition, irrational beliefs strongly predicted death anxiety for all participants. Results from post hoc analyses suggested that HIV status produced an interaction effect with level of total irrational beliefs and together predicted death anxiety. Even in these analyses, total irrational beliefs explained more of the variance of death anxiety than HIV status. These results are discussed within the context of the need for expanding cognitive-behavioral treatment options for HIV-infected individuals.     

The Influence of Ease of Retrieval on Judgment as a Function of Attention to Subjective Experience

The ease with which information comes to mind can impact judgment. We examine whether the influence of ease of retrieval is moderated by situational factors that call it to attention before judgment and by individual differences in experiential processing style, as measured by the rational experiential inventory scale (Pacini & Epstein, 1999). An ease of retrieval effect, indicated by less favorable evaluations of a proposal following the retrieval of many reasons advocating the proposal than following the retrieval of only a few, was found for high‐experiential style processors regardless of situational factors that made ease of retrieval salient. However, the effect was found among low‐experiential style processors only when ease of retrieval was explicitly called to their attention prior to judgment.     

The Do-It-Yourself Death Certificate as a Research Technique

ABSTRACT: The Do-It-Yourself Death Certificate (DIYDC) is a slightly abridged facsimile of the Michigan death certificate. In its first series of research applications, the DIYDC was administered to 158 subjects who had chosen death-related courses or occupations; other questionnaires were also administered. Among the findings: (a) death by cancer was markedly underestimated; (b) a quick death was heavily preferred; and (c) the measure of proportion-of-life-remaining was helpful in differentiating preferences for mode of body disposal and attitude toward cryonics. The DIYDC appears to offer a useful supplement to existing techniques for studying orientations toward life and death.     

Memory for Patient Information as a Function of Experience in Mental Health

Mental health clinicians are tasked to diagnose and treat the millions of people worldwide seeking help for mental health issues. This paper investigates the memory clinicians have for patient information. We hypothesize that clinicians encapsulate mental health knowledge through experience into more abstract concepts, as in other domains changing what clinicians remember about patients compared with non‐professionals. We tested memory for realistic patient–therapist interactions in experienced clinicians, intermediately trained graduate students, and laypeople. Clinicians recalled fewer facts than intermediate trainees and as many as laypeople. Furthermore, clinicians reported more abstracted information than all other participants, providing the first empirical demonstration of knowledge encapsulation in the memory of mental health clinicians. We discuss how our results fit into the existing literature on clinical expertise in mental health and the implications of our findings for future research relevant to mental health care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Death as a counseling concern

Both the professional and the popular attention now given to the topic of death and issues reflecting a death theme indicate that these areas can be of great concern to many of the individuals served by counselors. If counselors are going to respond to these concerns, they must prepare by investigating the available information on death and related topics, exploring their own feelings and beliefs about these same areas, and developing an initial foundation for providing service to clients who are manifesting a problem that is death-related.     

The Brain can be Thought of as a Tool

In this paper I argue that the recent tendency to elevate neuropsychology to the status of the one true scientific core of studies of people thinking, feeling, acting and perceiving is not best understood as a simple mereological fallacy, that is the fallacy of ascribing certain properties of wholes to their parts, in particular mental concepts to the material brain as a part of a person. In defending Svend Brinkmann's way of undermining the claims of neuroscience against the criticism offered by Gaeto and Cornejo of the cognitive task-brain as tool proposal, I argue that a person's brain is part of the body of that person, but that the body is not a part of a person. Hence the use of person-concepts to describe brain activity is not a mereological fallacy. Rather human bodies are sites for people. Material tools can be fashioned or found at such sites. It is a fallacy to present neuroscience as the core of psychology but it is the error of deriving an `ought' from an 'is' as identified by David Hume. Where to look for a positive guide to a philosophically respectable psychology, that is a study program that does justice to the phenomena of human thinking, feeling, acting and perceiving, without falling into logical and semantic traps. I show how to adapt Aristotle's schema for 'complete explanation' to this role.     

脑死亡立法的艰难与中国传统文化

因中国传统伦理文化对人们意识观念的深刻影响导致中国脑死亡立法步履艰难。从中国传统文化视角分析中国的脑死亡及相关伦理问题,提出中国脑死亡诊断标准的制定必须充分考虑民族心理感受,要立足于民族文化理性地探索“中国脑死亡”。     

A Psychiatrist's Experience of Death Terror

ABSTRACT: An episode of total paralysis (from medication) with full consciousness is described and its relation to death terror is discussed.     

对我国脑死亡立法问题的反思

在对1999年以来我国脑死亡问题的研究成果进行初步梳理的基础上,针对我国学者主张脑死亡立法的主要论据,提出并分析了脑死亡问题的三个主要问题：（1）脑死亡是真正的死亡吗？（2）能否以经济效率的考量来定义生死？（3）器官移植和脑死亡到底有什么关系？还提出,脑死亡立法需要在我国现实的医疗卫生条件下进行讨论。     

关于"脑死亡"立法科学与伦理的纷争

我国对脑死亡的研究起步于 2 0世纪 80年代。1980年 ,学者李德祥提出脑死亡应是全脑死亡 ,从而克服了大脑死、脑干死等脑的部分死亡等同于脑死亡的缺陷[1] 。中国医学界开始讨论建立我国自己的脑死亡标准。 1997年在全国第七届卫生立法讲习班上 ,有 2 0多位国内的知名专家 ,联名提出关于脑死亡标准的立法问题。 1999年中华医学会组织了脑死亡标准 (草案 )专家研讨会 ,并提出了脑死亡诊断标准[2 ] 。同年 ,解放军总医院的人大代表李炎唐教授在全国人大会议上提交了关于脑死亡及器官移植的立法提案 ,促使我国脑死亡立法的步伐越来越快。2 0 0 …