社会支持的调节作用研究

为了考察社会支持在人格特征和心理健康水平之间的调节作用,利用症状自评量表、社会支持评定量表和艾森克人格问卷简式量表对1102名大学生进行施测。层级回归分析的结果不仅支持了社会支持的调节作用,而且表明社会支持与个体的心理健康水平之间存在三种不同的关系形式,即(1)社会支持的主效应显著,但是调节效应不显著;(2)社会支持的主效应和调节效应同时显著;(3)社会支持的主效应不显著,但是调节效应显著。     

应对方式、社会支持和心理压力对中学生心理健康的影响研究

该研究采用中学生应激源量表、中学生应对方式量表、领悟社会支持量表和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对852名初一至高三的学生进行了调查。通过单因变量多维交互效应的方差分析,结果表明：消极应对方式对中学生的心理健康影响较大;积极应对方式与心理健康的相关不显著;社会支持对心理健康的影响同时具有主效应和缓冲效应;心理压力与心理健康之间存在着显著相关;应对方式和社会支持在心理压力与心理健康的关系中彼此独立起作用,两者之间的交互作用不明显。     

孕期生活事件与妊娠压力：心理健康的中介效应和丈夫支持的调节作用

用问卷调查法对上海市403名单胎、孕周在24～33周的孕妇进行研究,探讨怀孕过程中孕妇经历的生活事件和妊娠压力的关系,以及孕妇的心理健康状况和丈夫支持在其中所起的作用。结果表明：（1）怀孕计划的主效应显著,孕龄的主效应不显著,怀孕计划和孕龄的交互作用显著;妊娠压力在怀孕计划上的主效应显著,意外怀孕的孕妇的妊娠压力显著高于计划怀孕的孕妇的妊娠压力;（2）怀孕过程中孕妇经历的生活事件与妊娠压力呈显著正相关,与孕妇的心理健康呈显著负相关;（3）孕妇的心理健康状况在生活事件和妊娠压力的关系中起部分中介效应,即生活事件部分通过孕妇的心理健康状况影响孕妇的妊娠压力;而丈夫支持则对孕妇心理健康的中介效应起调节作用,当丈夫支持高时,心理健康状况越好的孕妇,其妊娠压力越低,心理健康状况对孕妇妊娠压力预测显著;当丈夫支持低时,心理健康状况对妊娠压力的预测不显著。     

社会支持在企业员工工作压力和工作绩效间的中介作用

目的考察社会支持在企业员工工作压力与工作绩效间的中介作用。方法采用工作压力量表、工作绩效量表、社会支持量表对260名钢铁工人进行测查。并运用SPSS13.0和LISREL8.70进行方差分析、相关分析和中介效应检验。结果任务绩效维度上工龄的主效应显著;角色模糊维度上学历主效应显著。结论社会支持在企业员工工作压力与工作绩效间存在中介作用。     

名字启动对女性容貌吸引力的影响

本研究采用阈上启动和阈下启动两种方式考察名字对女性容貌吸引力的影响。结果发现,阈上启动时名字启动主效应不显著,启动条件与照片类型存在交互作用;阈下启动时名字启动主效应显著,高吸引力名字启动时照片评定比低吸引力名字启动时要高,但是启动条件与照片类型交互作用不显著。本研究在无意识层面支持了名字会影响对容貌吸引力的评定的假设。     

日常压力对流动儿童诚信感的影响:社会支持与逆境信念的调节作用

基于青少年积极发展观,以650名流动儿童为被试,在日常压力背景下探讨不同来源的社会支持以及逆境信念对流动儿童诚信发展的作用及影响机制。结果显示：（1）流动儿童总体诚信水平较高,日常压力事件显著负向预测流动儿童的诚信发展水平,教师支持、朋友支持与逆境信念均正向预测流动儿童的诚信水平;（2）家人支持对日常压力与诚信之间的关系具有调节作用,表现出压力背景下的保护效应;（3）逆境信念与朋友支持具有交互作用,共同调节日常压力对诚信发展的影响,二者的交互作用表现出"增强模式"与"补偿模式"。     

时间性前瞻记忆的练习效应及其人格差异

实验1和实验2分别探究在低难度和高难度进行中任务条件下是否存在TBPM的练习效应及其人格差异,结果发现无论在何种情况下,实验组的前瞻记忆成绩均显著高于控制组,说明TBPM的练习效应稳定存在;A-B型人格类型与组别交互作用均不显著,说明A型和B型人格在TBPM的练习效应上没有差异;实验组在总的时间监控次数和后期时间监控次数上均高于控制组,时间差均低于控制组,说明练习通过提高时间监控有效性和总的注意投入量来提高前瞻记忆成绩。     

时间性前瞻记忆的练习效应及其人格差异

实验1和实验2分别探究在低难度和高难度进行中任务条件下是否存在TBPM的练习效应及其人格差异,结果发现无论在何种情况下,实验组的前瞻记忆成绩均显著高于控制组,说明TBPM的练习效应稳定存在;A-B型人格类型与组别交互作用均不显著,说明A型和B型人格在TBPM的练习效应上没有差异;实验组在总的时间监控次数和后期时间监控次数上均高于控制组,时间差均低于控制组,说明练习通过提高时间监控有效性和总的注意投入量来提高前瞻记忆成绩。     

利他人格和情境因素对于个体捐赠决策的影响

采用三因素被试间实验具体考察了利他人格、慈善组织有效性和同伴效应对于个体捐赠决策的影响,结果发现存在显著的主效应和交互作用.利他人格与捐赠态度和捐赠水平之间存在显著的正向关系;情境因素慈善组织有效性和同伴效应与捐赠态度和捐赠水平之间也存在显著的正向关系;高利他者的捐赠决策对慈善组织有效性更加敏感,而低利他者对同伴效应更加敏感.     

流动儿童社会支持与学业压力的关系:心理韧性的中介作用

采用社会支持评定量表、青少年心理韧性量表、学习的付出—回馈失衡评价量表,对石河子450名流动儿童进行调查,来探讨流动儿童心理韧性在社会支持与学业压力之间的中介作用。结果表明:(1)流动儿童付出—回馈不平衡的总体检出率为24.4%;(2)流动儿童付出—回馈失衡率在性别、学段、民族及户籍上的差异均无统计学意义,在是否独生、单双亲情况、班级排名、父子关系及母子关系上差异显著;(3)心理韧性总分及维度分、社会支持总分及维度分和学业压力均存在显著的相关关系;(4)中介效应检验显示,心理韧性及各因子在社会支持与学业压力之间均起部分中介作用,中介效应与总效应的比例依次为42.50%、21.95%、31.19%、10.95%。因此,流动儿童社会支持、学业压力与心理韧性的关系密切,社会支持既直接对学业压力产生影响,又间接通过心理韧性对学业压力产生影响。     

农民工收入与主观幸福感的关系：社会支持和人格的作用

采用整群抽样方法对选自长沙市的452名农民工进行问卷调查,考察社会支持、人格在农民工收入与主观幸福感关系中的作用。结果表明：农民工收入对其主观幸福感有显著的正向预测性;在农民工收入与其主观幸福感的关系中,社会支持起部分中介作用,神经质和宜人性有缓冲作用,外倾性有增强作用;社会支持的中介作用受到宜人性的调节。     

Personality and social resources in stress resistance

This study examined personality, social assets, and perceived social support as moderators of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset. In a group of 170 middle and upper level executives, personality hardiness and stressful life events consistently influenced illness scores, the former serving to lower symptomatology, the latter to increase it. Perceived boss support had its predicted positive effect. Executives under high stress who perceived support from their supervisors had lower illness scores than those without support. Perceived family support, on the other hand, showed a negative effect on health when reported by those low in hardiness. Finally, social assets made no significant impact on health status. These results underscore the value of differentiating between kinds of social resources, and of monitoring the effects of two or more stress-resistance resources in a single study.     

Situational Determinants of Personal Validation of General Personality Interpretations

Groups of Ss were matched with respect to their pre-experimental opinions regarding the value of psychological tests used by trained professionals to describe personality. Ss were then given either the Rorschach, TAT, FIRO-B, or Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and were later given identical general personality interpretations supposedly based on the test results. An analysis of variance of Ss ratings of the accuracy of the personality interpretation indicated that neither the type of test S took nor whether the personality interpretation was presented as being derived “for you specifically” or “for people in general” had differential effects on Ss' acceptance of the interpretation; all groups rated the interpretation as being between “good” and “excellent.”     

社会支配倾向研究述评

社会支配倾向是社会支配理论中的一个概念,它反映了个体期望内群体优于和支配外群体的程度。高社会支配倾向者偏好加大不同群体间的阶层差异,并期望优势群体更多地支配劣势群体;低社会支配倾向者偏好缩小不同群体间的阶层差异以增加社会平等,并期望优势群体更少地支配劣势群体。因此,社会支配倾向会影响社会不平等的程度,并可以被用来解释偏见的形成。性别和群体地位等情境因素会对社会支配倾向产生影响,而且社会支配倾向与个体间的支配也是有关系的     

Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. I. A personality description approach to the assessment of sex stereotypes

It was proposed that sex stereotypes be phrased in terms of the person perception construct, “implicit personality theory,” as the structured sets of inferential relations that link personal attributes to the social categories female and male. The utility of this formulation was assessed by having 31 college students use a set of 66 personality traits to describe other people. A measure of trait co-occurrence was derived from these data and was used as input to Kruskal's multidimensional scaling program. A two-dimensional configuration was interpreted in terms of two orthogonal properties, Social Desirability and Potency. An Indirect Female-Male property (based on the proportion of times each trait was used to describe a male) was strongly related to the configuration and was closely aligned with the Potency vector. Thus, stereotypes of females and males were associated with the Potency dimension of person perception, with females seen as “soft” and males as “hard.” The directly rated sex property Male-Female was also located near the Potency vector, but was not strongly related to the configuration. This lack of fit may have been due to social desirability responding. The results support the utility of formulating sex stereotypes in terms of implicit personality theory and suggest the need to distinguish direct and indirect assessments of stereotypes.     

Workplace Deviance as a Possible “Maladaptive Coping” Behavior Displayed in Association with Workplace Stressors

ABSTRACT

The Threat Appraisal and Coping Theory suggests that in response to environmental stressors, individuals sometimes display “maladaptive coping” behaviors that may vent frustration immediately but worsen later psychosocial well-being. For example, employees exposed to workplace stressors may vent their frustration with workplace deviance including intentional poor performance, abuse of organizational resources, disrespect, and disruption of co-workers, but such workplace deviance may worsen their later psychological well-being. The present study examined workplace deviance as a possible “maladaptive coping” behavior displayed by 293 university employees (74.7% female; 90.4% White; mean age = 45.8 years; 43 administrators, 127 staff, 84 faculty). When three workplace stressors (high demand, low control, low support) were compared for their association with workplace deviance, only low support was significant. Furthermore, workplace deviance was significantly associated with negative psychosocial outcomes [poor self-esteem, health concerns, anger, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, poor job satisfaction, work-home conflict]. Finally, bootstrapping mediational analysis revealed that workplace deviance was a significant mediator between low support and each of the negative psychosocial outcomes. Results support the idea that workplace deviance is an example of “maladaptive coping” behavior that, when displayed in response to perceptions of low support from supervisors and co-workers, is associated with worse psychosocial outcomes for employees who display it. Stress reduction programs could educate employees that displaying workplace deviance in response to workplace stressors may harm their psychosocial well-being. Such programs could also guide employees to more “adaptive coping” behaviors in response to workplace stressors (such as seeking social support, exercise, and yoga).     

Le burnout chez les infirmières en cancérologie : Une approche contextuelle du modèle exigences-contrôle-soutien

The current investigation, studying the burnout among oncology nurses, was guided by the Demand Control Support model (Karasek & Theorell, 1990). However, in accordance with scholars claiming for a context-specificity in occupational stress research, we first conducted 3 semi-structured focus groups to identify the specific sources of demands, control and support experienced by oncology nurses. The scale established from this analysis, (as well the other study variables), had been answered by 144 oncology nurses. Factorial analyses revealed 4 latent factors: “job demands”, “patient demands”, “support” and “control”. Then, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that job demands, control and support predicted significant proportions of burnout, in particular emotional exhaustion. We also observed a moderator effect of social support. Furthermore, the situation-specific stressors, that is, those relating to difficult relationships with patients, made significant contributions to burnout, supporting the claim of augmenting the components of the Demand Control Support model with stressors that are more situation- specific.     

高校教师职业心理资本与工作绩效:社会支持的中介效应

用"高校教师职业心理资本量表"、"工作绩效量表"及"社会支持问卷"对来自全国8所高校的718名高校教师进行问卷调查。通过描述性分析、回归及结构方程模型等实证统计方法,深入分析了社会支持、职业心理资本与工作绩效关系模型的理论架构,探究了社会支持在职业心理资本对工作绩效影响的中介模型效应的内在作用机制。研究发现,社会支持、职业心理资本、工作绩效及其各维度之间均存在显著的相关;职业心理资本及其各维度对工作绩效的主效应非常显著;社会支持在职业心理资本及其各维度与工作绩效间的中介效应也均显著。这表明高校教师职业心理资本及各维度对工作绩效不但起着直接的影响作用,而且通过社会支持工作绩效产生了间接的影响。因此,提升高校教师的职业心理资本,建立良好的内、外社会支持系统对提升工作绩效都会形成良好的激励效果,从而实现教师和高校的共同发展。     

Attributing Problem-Solving to God,Receiving Social Support,and Stress-Moderation

This research note explores the stress-moderating effects of attributing a problem-solving role to God among a nationwide sample of 2,260 Americans. Specifically, the ways in which the perception of “God-as-a-problem-solver” moderates stress is explored for Americans reporting low and high levels of social support from other people. Within a model that interacts two moderators (i.e., a moderated moderation analysis), two predictions are tested that extend from social support and sense of control frameworks. Consistent with one prediction, viewing God-as-a-problem-solver had a stress-buffering effect (i.e., a reduction of the negative impact of life stressors on a depressive symptomology outcome measure) among those receiving low social support. Consistent with a second prediction, viewing God-as-a-problem-solver served as a stress-exacerbator among those already receiving high levels of social support. Findings suggest that the optimal count of supportive sets of entities (be it God or other people) is no fewer or no more than one.