概念改变的本体类别研究

概念改变是科学学习和教学的重要问题。研究表明有些错误概念难于转变,本文从本体类别的观点出发,阐释了错误概念难于改变的原因,进而细致地分析了力的概念,以支持本体类别的观点,最后提出跨本体类别间概念改变的教学对策。     

价值哲学的存在论基础

20世纪80年代初至90年代初,哲学界大都依循主体-客体模式来处理价值问题。但这一模式在理论和现实中都遇到了一些难以解决的问题。首先,就“价值的工具性定义”而言,也即从“主体的需要”来界定价值看,虽然它较好地说明了物的价值,但却不能全面地说明人的价值,甚至有把人的价值变成纯粹的手段性和工具性价值的危险。其次,就“价值的客观性”问题而言,针对主体-客体模式,为了论证价值的客观性,哲学界所做的一个关键性的努力,就是把“主体”与“主观”、“主体性”与“主观性”区别开来。[1]这一区分的本意是将“主体”与“主观”区别开以解决…     

Changing Minds: Developmental Education for Conceptual Change

The study investigates the impact of a teacher education program on preservice teachers' intellectual development, specifically, their capacity to deal with pedagogical complexity, to recognize agency as internal, and to be critically reflective, together with development of more autonomy-supportive motivating styles. The study combines a repeated-measures design with qualitative analysis of interview data. The sample comprises 175 third-year preservice teachers at an Australian university. The program is inspired by a teaching model, Developmental Education for Conceptual Change (DECC), which combines conceptual change theory with the Developmental Instruction Model based on the Perry scheme of intellectual and ethical development. Findings suggest that, on average, students' participation in the DECC program has made a modest contribution to their intellectual growth and tendency to adopt more autonomy-supportive pedagogical approaches. The model might have wider application in educational settings.     

An Ontological Sketch for Robust Non-Reductive Realists

The aim of this article is to draw a sketch of an ontology for Realist Non-Naturalist Cognitivists. A distinction is made between moral property-universals and moral property-particulars. It is argued, first, that moral property-universals have the same ontological status as non-moral property-universals; second, that moral property-universals have many instances in the spatio-temporal world; third that these moral property-instances or -particulars have the same ontological status as non-moral property-particulars.     

The ABLe Change Framework: A Conceptual and Methodological Tool for Promoting Systems Change

This paper presents a new approach to the design and implementation of community change efforts like a System of Care. Called the ABLe Change Framework, the model provides simultaneous attention to the content and process of the work, ensuring effective implementation and the pursuit of systems change. Three key strategies are employed in this model to ensure the integration of content and process efforts and effective mobilization of broad scale systems change: Systemic Action Learning Teams, Simple Rules, and Small Wins. In this paper we describe the ABLe Change Framework and present a case study in which we successfully applied this approach to one system of care effort in Michigan.     

"状态改变:状态继续"与"做:不做"

检查了“做／不做”这对概念的不足后．本文用“状态改变／状态继续”来替代“做／不做”。在“状态改变-状态继续”框架基础上将事件分为“整体事件”和“分段事件”。研究证实“做／不做”只适合于“整体事件”而不适合“分段事件”。最后．该框架部分也解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思想所表现出的差异。     

Using Conceptual Models to Facilitate Conceptual Change: The Case of Weight-Density Differentiation

We report on two studies that assess to what extent sixth and seventh graders (a) did not differentiate between weight and density as quantities at the time of the preinterview and (b) made conceptual changes after participating in a curriculum on weight and density that uses computer-based conceptual models and simulations. In Study 1, 18 sixth graders received individual clinical interviews to assess their understanding of the density of materials and their ability to use a concept of density to understand flotation, immediately before and after they worked through an eight-lesson curriculum unit on those topics. In Study 2, 12 sixth graders and 10 seventh graders received individual clinical interviews before and after their classes worked through a more extensive 16-lesson curriculum on these topics and on the topic of changes in density with thermal expansion. In both studies, we found that the majority of students failed to differentiate consistently between weight and density at the time of the preinterview (although within this group, we distinguished between those who were beginning to have some insight that two distinct dimensions might be involved and those who were not), whereas the rest were able to make an initial qualitative distinction between these quantities. We found that our curriculum was moderately effective in helping some but not all children differentiate weight from density and in helping other children consolidate their understanding of density. Further, the revised curriculum used in Study 2 seemed more effective than the curriculum used in Study 1. However, the curriculum was not equally effective for all groups of children (those children who had some initial insight that the two dimensions were necessary were helped the most). The experience of using the curriculum alerted us to the specific ways our models were helpful and certain complexities inherent in the process of using conceptual models to produce conceptual change. These complexities are discussed, along with ways to further revise the curriculum that might lead to its more widespread effectiveness with children.     

Explaining Referential Stability of Physics Concepts: The Semantic Embedding Approach

The paper discusses three different ways of explaining the referential stability of concepts of physics. In order to be successful, an approach to referential stability has to provide resources to understand what constitutes the difference between the birth of a new concept with a history of its own, and an innovative step occurring within the lifetime of a persisting concept with stable reference. According to Theodore Arabatzis’ ‘biographical’ approach (Representing Electrons 2006), the historical continuity of representations of the electron manifests itself by the numerical stability of experimental parameters like the charge-to-mass ratio, and the continued acceptance of earlier experiments as manifestations of electron properties. I argue, against Arabatzis’ approach, that the stability of experimental parameters justifies the assumption that there exists a chain of representations of a unique theoretical entity only if this stability occurs against the background of evidence for theoretical continuity. The Bain/Norton approach proposes to add exactly this element to the picture, but fails to reach its aim by focusing on formal similarities of Hamiltonians as an indicator of theoretical continuity. I shall argue that theoretical continuity has to be demonstrated rather on the level of particular solutions. This task is accomplished by the semantic embedding approach by means of defining a co-reference criterion for theoretical terms requiring the existence of semantic embedding relations between the terms that occur in particular solutions of different theories.     

Conceptual Role Semantics and the Reference of Moral Concepts

This paper examines the prospects for a conceptual or functional role theory of moral concepts. It is argued that such an account is well‐placed to explain both the irreducibility and practicality of moral concepts. Several versions of conceptual role semantics for moral concepts are distinguished, depending on whether the concept‐constitutive conceptual roles are (i) wide or narrow (ii) normative or non‐normative and (iii) purely doxastic or conative. It is argued that the most plausible version of conceptual role semantics for moral concepts involves only ‘narrow’ conceptual roles, where these include connections to motivational, desire‐like, states. In the penultimate section it is argued, contrary to what Wedgwood, Enoch and others have claimed, that such an account of moral concepts cannot plausibly be combined with the claim that moral concepts refer to robust properties.     

Berkeleian Principles in Ecological Realism: An Ontological Analysis

Three experiments are reported, which examined the relation between the percep- tion of the distance reachable with a hand-held rod that can be wielded but not seen and the rod's resistance to having its rotational speed changed by application of a torque. In these experiments, subjects wielded any given rod about an axis intermediate between its endpoints. The subject's task was to adjust a visible, movable surface to coincide with where he or she could reach with the given rod if allowed to hold it at its proximal end. Two experiments considered the effects of wielding a rod at different orientations to the pull of gravity. Rods were wielded either within a plane roughly perpendicular to the ground or within a plane roughly parallel to the ground. Plane of wielding did not affect the patterning of perceived reachable distances as a function of the various conditions, which included variations in the positioning of grasp and the positioning of a mass affixed to the rods. The patterning of the moments of inertia associated with the various conditions determined the patterning of perceived reachable distances. The third experiment restricted wielding to a plane roughly parallel to the ground and varied how the rods were grasped, either overhand or underhand. The variation in grasp amounted to a variation in the neuromuscular patterning associated with the wielding of any given rod. Perceived reachable distances proved to be indifferent to the overhand versus underhand contrast.     

Causes and Means of Healing: An Islamic Ontological Perspective

Journal of Religion and Health - Healthcare practitioners are increasingly aware that patients may utilize faith-based healing practices in place of conventional medicine based on their spiritual...     

概念转变理论及其发展述评

概念转变是心理与教育领域的热点问题。20多年来,研究者从不同的背景和视角研究概念转变的过程与机制,提出了基于认识论、本体论和朴素理论的多个概念转变理论,成为后续概念转变研究的理论框架。随着研究的深入,这些概念转变理论得以继承和发展,表现为融入了社会、情感等因素并具整合的趋势。本文对当前国际主流的概念转变理论及其发展加以评述,并从问题、方法和视角等方面对未来的概念转变研究加以展望,提出构建更具普适性的概念转变理论框架的设想     

Dreamless Sleep and the Whole of Human Life: An Ontological Exposition

This paper explores the meaning of dreamless sleep. First, I consider four reasons why we commonly pass over sleep’s ontological significance. Second, I compare and contrast death and sleep to show how each is oriented to questions regarding the possibilities of “being-a-whole.” In the third and final part, I explore the meaning and implications of “being-toward-sleep,” arguing that human existence emerges atop naturally anonymous corporeality (i.e. living being). In sum, I try to show that we can recover an authentic – if somewhat ambiguous – sense of “being-a-whole” only by recognizing the ontological significance of dreamless sleep.     

Conceptual priming for environmental sounds and words: An ERP study

In this study we examined conceptual priming using environmental sounds and visually displayed words. Priming for sounds and words was observed in response latency as well as in event-related potentials. Reactions were faster when a related word followed an environmental sound and vice versa. Moreover both stimulus types produced an N400-effect for unrelated compared to related trials. The N400-effect had an earlier onset for environmental sounds than for words. The results support the theoretical notion that conceptual processing may be similar for verbal and non-verbal stimuli.     

Husserl on Scientific Method and Conceptual Change: A Realist Appraisal

Husserl claimed that all theoretical scientific concepts originate in and are valid in reference to 'life-world' experience and that scientific traditions preserve the sense and validity of such concepts through unitary and cumulative change. Each of these claims will, in turn, be sympathetically laid out and assessed in comparison with more standard characterizations of scientific method and conceptual change as well as the history of physics, concerning particularly the challenge they may pose for scientific realism. The Husserlian phenomenological framework is accepted here without defense, and hence the present project is limited to the task of asking what can and cannot be accommodated within that framework on its own terms. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Ontological Critique of the Trans-Ontology of Enrique Dussel

Enrique Dussel has developed a sweeping philosophical critique of the eurocentricity of Western habits of thought and action, with the aim of articulating an ‘ethics of liberation’ that takes the part distinctively of ‘the victims’ of the world system. The heart of Dussel’s effort is an ostensibly new method, ‘analectic’ or ‘anadialectic,’ which comes about through the ‘revelation’ of the other, and goes beyond the self-enclosure that, Dussel asserts, typifies dialectic in Western ontology. Thus, he takes his position to have gone beyond ontology: it is a trans-ontology, a genuine meta-physics. I question whether analectic does go beyond Western thinking of being, and propose an ontological critique that is classically Western or, as I would prefer to say, historically Western yet (along with its analogues in other philosophical traditions) classically relevant even in our ‘age of globalization and exclusion.’     

Learning to Graph Linear Functions: A Case Study of Conceptual Change

This case study shows how a student's strategies and associated conceptions emerged and changed over the course of a 6-session tutoring curriculum designed to develop conceptual knowledge of linear functions. Using microgenetic and sequential analyses, we identify the student's strategies and conceptions and describe how these changed. We show how the student did not erase his original conception or replace it with a conception supported by instruction, but instead refined his initial strategies and conceptions.     

马克思的实践首先是一个价值本体概念

如何理解马克思的实践概念 ?这个问题近来又重新引起人们的关注。跟以往不同的是 :有关探讨正在向着更深的学术史层面掘进。马克思的实践概念包含许多不同的维度 ,对之不存在一种本质主义的标准解释 ,从不同维度可以看到不同的内容 ,得到不同的理解。这些都是正常的。需要探讨的是 :对各个维度的界定和理解是否确切 ?每个维度是否还有发挥的余地 ?现有维度之外是否还存在新的维度 ?不同维度之间究竟是什么关系 ?等等。在本文中 ,我想集中揭示的是马克思的实践概念的价值维度。在我看来 ,马克思所说的实践 (praxis)首先是一个价值概念 ,并且…