环保且持续发展的家电未来——“2007年伊莱克斯设计实验室大赛”入围作品大展

在这个比创意比设计的竞争时代,所有跟设计有关的场面,都衍变成一场场有输有赢的游戏。而全世界都在用智慧的设计商机来角逐,让生活变得更加丰盛多彩。环保是全球最为关注的话题,我们怎样才能更好地爱护这个我们赖以生存的地球,使它能够更好地走可持续发晨的道路,这不仅仅是我们这一代人的眼下任务,也是为子孙后代造福的重大责任。2007年伊莱克斯设计实验室大赛(Electrolux Design Lab Competition)始创于2003年,当时还只是一个面向3个欧洲设计学校的竞赛,如今已经发展成为一个面向全球设计院校的学生,致力于为未来家电提供创新设想的国际比赛。2007年第5届伊莱克斯设计实验室大赛以为2020年的未来提供一种环保,可持续的家电解决方案为主题,吸引了数千名学生参加,最终入围者在2007年11月被邀请到法国巴黎对设计作品做最后陈述。本届大赛的最终获奖者获得5,000欧元奖金和伊莱克斯设计中心6个月的实习机会,冠亚季军分别被匈牙利、法国、中国的三位设计专业的学生获得。     

真正的竞争

当我们仅仅为了获胜而打击对手时,我们不仅成为糟糕的失败者,还会沦为可鄙的得胜者。这样的竞争会使人的心灵和个性发生扭曲,使其充满着自私、贪婪、骄傲和嫉妒……     

Categories of Competition

In the first part of this paper, I argue that philosophers of sport have mistakenly privileged a specific psychology and purpose in their definitions of competition. The result of this mistake has been that philosophers of sport make generalisations about competition as such which in fact only hold for some competitions. In the second and third parts of the paper, I articulate an alternative approach: rather than search for a single psychology and purpose that underlies all competition, I argue that we should begin by acknowledging four distinctly different competitive formats, and only then enquire as to which psychologies and purposes are more or less appropriate to each format. This method allows us to capture the richness and diversity of competition, and helps to ensure that we do not confuse part and whole when defining it.     

Competition Between Outcomes

In both Pavlovian conditioning and human causal judgment, competition between cues is well known to occur when multiple cues are presented in compound and followed by an outcome. More questionable is the occurrence of competition between outcomes when a single cue is followed by multiple outcomes presented in compound. In the experiment reported here, we demonstrated blocking (a type of stimulus competition) between outcomes. When the cue predicted one outcome, its ability to predict a second outcome that was presented in compound with the first outcome was reduced. The procedure minimized the likelihood that the observed competition between outcomes arose from selective attention. The competition between outcomes that we observed is problematic for contemporary theories of learning.     

团体间竞争对儿童社会行为的影响

竞争是人类社会活动的最重要表现形式之一,对个体或者群体的行为产生重要影响。有关竞争对个体行为的影响越来越受到来自各个学科领域研究者的关注。本文系统论述了团体间竞争情境对儿童社会行为(平等行为、利他/利己行为和风险偏好)的影响。文章首先介绍儿童的团体间竞争情境的操纵方法、国际广泛使用的内团体偏好(ingroup bias)的测量方法以及团体间竞争影响儿童的社会行为的相关研究,最后在已有文献的基础上提出未来研究的方向。     

How Competition Goes Wrong

ABSTRACT The article begins by identifying a set of hitherto undisclosed contradictions of meaning and value attributed to a basic structure of our existence—competition. It seeks to resolve these contradictions by showing that there are two basic forms of competition not previously distinguished: (1) the dominant model of competition in which pay-offs extrinsic to the activity itself are conferred on one party at the expense of others; and (2) the submerged, spontaneous form of competition in which no structure of extrinsic and exclusionary pay-offs is imposed on the action. Illustrating in terms of a paradigm example, ice-hockey, the analysis shows that the well-known and systematic pathologies of competitive conflict—violence, cheating, authoritarianism, sexism, drug-taking and so on—are a law-like consequence of the dominant structure of competition and not a problem of competition as such.     

Interpersonal Competition in Friendships

Though ubiquitous in American life, competition has been neglected in studies of friendship. Conceiving of interpersonal competition as a dyadic process motivated by self-evaluation, the authors analyzed survey data from a random sample of 162 undergraduates at a US college who were asked about their closest friends of the same and opposite sex. Results indicated that male friendship dyads were most competitive followed by cross-sex and female dyads. Among same-sex friends, competition was negatively associated with academic class and positively associated with number of role relationships. Intimacy and companionship had positive effects and competition and conflict had negative effects on friendship satisfaction. Due to lower intimacy and greater competition in male friendships, men were less satisfied with same-sex friends than women.     

Competition and Spiritual Development

Four levels of competition are distinguished: the local, face-to-face level, the industrial level, the level of government and the level of global currency competition. Influence seeps down to the local level from the global level, turning otherwise healthy forms of competition into destructive patterns, in which human relations are modelled upon the relations between currencies. The result is a spirituality of money, which shapes the image of the self, the symbols of achievement and expectations of the future. Theological resources for resistance are suggested and several policies for pacifying the unethical aspects of financial competition are mentioned.     

Competition in stereotyped domains: Competition,social comparison,and stereotype threat

The current work examines a novel and specific way in which competition can hurt the performance of negatively stereotyped individuals: by evoking stereotype threat. In four experiments, we demonstrate that women's underperformance in math when primed with competition was due to feeling worried about confirming negative stereotypes about women's math ability (i.e., stereotype threat), that the activation of negative performance stereotypes for women primed with competition was due to increased group‐level social comparisons (i.e., comparing the self with men and women), and that priming competition led men to perform more poorly than women in a domain where they are negatively stereotyped (i.e., verbal ability). This research suggests that priming people with competition in contexts where they are negatively stereotyped leads to greater social comparison, activation of negative stereotypes, and concern about confirming these stereotypes, thereby decreasing stereotyped individuals' performance in the stereotyped domain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Competition: Some behavioral issues

Conclusions drawn from research in the social sciences comparing the quality or quantity of performance under cooperation and competiton stress the advantages of cooperation. This generalization may be premature, however, because of the paucity of experimental analyses investigating variations in competitive conditions. Neglected in particular have been variables that affect reinforcement conditions among competitors. These include performance differences, the basis of reinforcement, reinforcer distribution, and stimuli that indicate the performances of other competitors. These variables provide the basis for a behavioral interpretation of performance under competition. The result is a clearer understanding of the options that are available in instituting competitive contingencies and the areas in which experimental analyses are needed.     

Competition dynamics of second-language listening

Spoken-word recognition in a nonnative language is particularly difficult where it depends on discrimination between confusable phonemes. Four experiments here examine whether this difficulty is in part due to phantom competition from “near-words” in speech. Dutch listeners confuse English /æ/ and /?/, which could lead to the sequence daf being interpreted as deaf, or lemp being interpreted as lamp. In auditory lexical decision, Dutch listeners indeed accepted such near-words as real English words more often than English listeners did. In cross-modal priming, near-words extracted from word or phrase contexts (daf from DAFfodil, lemp from eviL EMPire) induced activation of corresponding real words (deaf; lamp) for Dutch, but again not for English, listeners. Finally, by the end of untruncated carrier words containing embedded words or near-words (definite; daffodil) no activation of the real embedded forms (deaf in definite) remained for English or Dutch listeners, but activation of embedded near-words (deaf in daffodil) did still remain, for Dutch listeners only. Misinterpretation of the initial vowel here favoured the phantom competitor and disfavoured the carrier (lexically represented as containing a different vowel). Thus, near-words compete for recognition and continue competing for longer than actually embedded words; nonnative listening indeed involves phantom competition.     

Competition and sensemaking in ethical situations

Competition was examined in relation to ethicality. The effect of a competitor being an in‐group vs. out‐group member, the competitor offering uncorroborated or corroborated information, and the impact of the competitor goals were examined. The findings suggest that the way competition is presented has an important influence on how individuals make sense of an ethically ambiguous situation and make ethical decisions. A main effect was found, such that when a competitor offered uncorroborated information, participants made less ethical decisions and used pro‐ethical reasoning strategies less often. An additional main effect was found suggesting that participants made more ethical decisions when working with an in‐group competitor rather than an out‐group competitor. Complex interactive effects were also found and discussed.     

Competition,Recognition, and Approval-Seeking

Here I support my position in “Do Good Feminists Compete?” against the suggestion that competing with others weakens rather than strengthens one's sense of self.     

Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans

ABSTRACT— With the recognition, afforded by recent evolutionary science, that female infidelity was a recurrent feature of modern humans' evolutionary history has come the development of a unique area in the study of human mating: sperm competition. A form of male–male postcopulatory competition, sperm competition occurs when the sperm of two or more males concurrently occupy the reproductive tract of a female and compete to fertilize her ova. Males must compete for mates, but if two or more males have copulated with a female within a sufficiently short period of time, sperm will compete for fertilizations. Psychological, behavioral, physiological, and anatomical evidence indicates that men have evolved solutions to combat the adaptive problem of sperm competition, but research has only just begun to uncover these adaptations.     

Competition between automatic and controlled processes

We investigated the competition between automatic and controlled processes in a word stem completion task. Prime-display duration and the prime-target interval were manipulated. On each trial a masked prime was displayed briefly, followed either immediately or after a delay by a word stem. The subjects were required to complete each stem with the first word that came to mind, to report any prime they could identify, and not to give as completion any identified prime. By the assumption that automatic processes require less stimulus input and can be completed faster than consciously controlled processes we expected a stronger performance contribution from automatic processes with the shorter prime-display durations and in the immediate stems condition. The results confirmed this expectation. The findings highlight that consciously controlled processes require more time to run their course than unconscious automatic processes.     

Self-Presentational Issues in Competition and Sport

This paper critically reviews self-presentational behavior, cognition, and affect in competition and sport. It is subdivided into three main sections. The first section focuses on self-handicapping behavior, describing what it is and why it occurs. Self-handicapping research is reviewed followed by suggestions for future study. In section two, cognitions related to stereotypes about individuals who play certain sports are discussed. The third and final section examines demographic, environmental, and physical self-perception correlates of social physique anxiety as well as the tenability of Leary's (1992) Leary, M. R. 1992. Self-presentation processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14: 339–351. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] conceptualization of competitive anxiety.