以生命的精神价值为中心——方东美论中国哲学的“通性与特点”

方东美认为 ,作为中国哲学主流的儒家、道家、大乘佛家三派哲学的相互贯通之处 ,既是中国哲学的通性 ,又是中国哲学的特点。笔者分析了方东美的论述 ,并指出 :他关于“旁通统贯论”、“道论”、“人格超升论”的阐述 ,实际上表明了他对于中国哲学的基本精神和价值取向的理解 ,表明了他如下的观念 :中国哲学是以人的生命的精神价值为中心的哲学。本文认为 ,方东美的论述作为对于中国哲学基本精神的一种阐释 ,尤其是其中对于中国哲学基本价值取向的理解 ,应该说是比较准确的。     

也论方东美哲学思想的儒家精神--兼答蒋国保先生

本文认为方东美的哲学思想起点与目标是庄子的"寥天一"这一最高的境界,正是从这样的角度方东美对儒家和道家的价值理想的异同做了比较,指出儒家的价值是相对的人文价值,道家的价值是绝对的,是宇宙间最高的价值.本文的主要篇幅分析了方东美所谓原始儒家的含义,指出方氏以<尚书>和<周易>来讲原始儒家缺乏史料的根据,是对原始儒家精神的一种误解或曲解,他以自己心目中的儒家精神置换了历史中的原始儒家精神.所以把方氏视为当代新儒家当然是对一种误解的误解.     

论方东美对《周易》与原始儒家关系的阐释

方东美在易学研究过程中秉持《书》《易》并重的儒学立场、以易为史的诠释路径以及高扬生命与价值双重维度的三大诠释方法,将《易经》视作一部揭示历史发展规律的历史文献,而将《易传》视作一部发扬生命与价值精神的哲学文献;在孔子与《周易》的关系问题上,方东美依据司马迁的记载,确认了孔子对《易传》的著作权,并进一步认为孔子通过对《易经》"天人合德"式的哲学解读,逐步建构起儒家的形而上学体系;通过对《中庸》所做的人文主义解读,方东美还原了原始儒家的"哲学人类学",借此打通了"继善成性"的《周易》精神与"参赞化育"的《中庸》精神;孟子进一步将《中庸》"参赞化育"的精神拔高为"大化冥合"的境界,方东美认为这恰恰实现了《周易》与《孟子》的深度互动并确认了孟子在传易谱系中的地位;方东美创造性地挖掘了荀子思想中"天人合一"的潜在因素,并认为荀子发扬了人的"戡天役物"的精神,完成了《荀子》与《周易》的贯通。     

中西时间哲学比较视野下的易哲学——方东美、程石泉论中西时间哲学

从中西哲学比较的观点看,中国哲学原本富含历程思想.因此在中西文化接触的初期,中国学者十分欢迎博格森(Henri Bergson)、詹姆士(William James)、杜威(John Dewey)、怀特海(A.N.Whitehead)等人的思想.中国哲学的历程思想最早渊源于<易经>.<易>视宇宙为创进不已的场域,所谓"生生之谓易",可说是最早论及"时间"概念的古代经典.当代中国哲学家方东美首先指出怀氏的机体哲学与中国的<易经>思想颇为接近.认为<易经>提供了儒家一套自然形上学,其中"宇宙"是基于时间迁流、生生不已的创化历程,而个人则是参赞化育、践形尽性的"时际人".方东美之后,程石泉先生踵其学.深究<易经">,进一步发挥其中的时间哲学.简而言之.方、程二先生均认为<易>之为书,广大悉备,贯通天人,实为儒家形而上学之本源.     

认肯与创构——方东美在现代“天人合一”言说中的位置

方东美认为西方思想中根深蒂固的"二元论"倾向,是现代人对于现实人生和理想人生之间烦扰的源头;而从学理上看,来自中国的思想资源是对治此弊病的良药。中国哲学所表现出的统一整体性,以"天人合德"言之或能曲尽其义,对其价值的认肯,便表现在方东美对《周易》哲学的创造性诠释当中。基于此,他在自己的生命哲学中,在形而上学与对人性的理解两方面,均体现出通过对天人合一观念的再诠释而发展出新的理论创构的可能性。在中国现代有关天人合一的言说架构中,方东美在不乏从业者的学术取向的同时,也没有放弃现实关怀,并以继承和发展民族文化精神资源的方式,通过认肯天人合一观念的价值,进行生命哲学创构,堪称具有示范性的意义。     

作为"伦理学之后"的"三玄"

《周易》《老子》《庄子》号称"三玄",三者共同创立了中国古代"伦理学之后"的形而上学.《易传》展示了形而上学超越于儒家伦理之上的实践哲学本质;《老子》的"道论"将实践哲学纳入类似于康德的实践"模型"的隐喻之中,建立起天之道、圣人之道和处世之道三者上下贯通的"无为而无不为"的模型;《庄子》的"至人"理想则通过诗意和寓言的方式在高悬的天道与日常生活之间建立起某种可以凭想象来把握的纽带,为道家的"伦理学之后"开辟了 一个看起来充满"至乐"和"天乐"而值得追求的审美维度,但也终究没有摆脱自欺和自我麻醉的幻觉.     

试论牟宗三“境界形态的形而上学”之构建

形而上学是哲学的重要问题,牟宗三对此给予了高度重视和深度思考。他区分了"境界形态的形而上学"与"实有形态的形而上学"两种类型,进而将道家的形而上学归入前者,将儒家的形而上学归入后者。然而综观其论述,会发觉他对"境界形态的形而上学"之概念意涵的阐释存在一定程度的不清晰与不一致。通过对此概念的梳理和厘清,我们有理由认为儒家的形而上学也应归入"境界形态的形而上学"。并且质言之,他自己所构建的形而上学应被视为更具现代性特征,也更为圆融的"境界形态的形而上学"。可以说他的这一构建不仅为中国传统哲学提供了新的言说方式,也为世界哲学的形而上学理论发展提供了新资源与新思路。     

方东美哲学思想的道家精神

本文认为方东美的哲学思想具有鲜明的道家哲学思想的精神,其理由是：方东美对孔 子后从孟子直到当代新儒家整个儒家传统基本上持一种批评、有时甚至是很激烈的否定的态度,而 他对于道家思想在整个中国学术史上的作用不仅全无批评,而且给予了高度的赞扬和热烈的歌颂; 方东美是依据道家的开放心态来批评宋儒的固陋狭隘的心量,批评儒家以“道统”观念排斥异端;他 认为中国文化的决定性因素是哲学与艺术的综合融贯,在艺术才情上儒家不如道家;在他看来,讲哲 学就要讲本体论,而且更得讲超本体论,儒家仅仅停留在本体论的层面上,道家则既讲本体论又讲起 本体论。方东美哲学思想的灵魂是道家的哲学思想,他追求的是道家的精神境界,自觉地在思想上。 精神上和艺术才情上与道家思想认同。     

“广大和谐的哲学”——方东美的华严宗哲学探究

方东美是中国现代哲学史上的一位重要人物,他终生致力于世界文化“共命慧”的会通与中国哲学传统的现代重建。方东美晚年运用现代哲学方法,对华严宗哲学进行了创造性的诠释与重构,开创了新的研究范式。方东美称华严宗哲学为“广大和谐的哲学”,是最能体现佛教圆融特色和广大和谐精神的哲学体系,是其诸宗师杜顺、智俨、法藏、澄观、宗密等先后于宗教基础上建立的一种后设或超越的哲学体系,其实质为一套有机主义的和谐哲学思想。一方东美对佛学的研究,与通常的以哲学史的方法重在把握史料有所不同,他是以哲学家的眼光,重在把握原典的内在思想…     

试论戴震的语言哲学思想

本文着重考察戴震的语言哲学思想,认定他的语言哲学开创了中国哲学的新转向,形成了不同于宋明理学,甚至也不同于清初哲学形态的人文实证主义哲学思考方式.其语言哲学思想主要体现在四个方面:第一,区分了"指其实体实事之名"与"称夫纯美精好之名"的两类之名.第二,在讨论何者为"道"的哲学形上学问题时,首次引入语言学的句法分析,对古代汉语中谓语动词"之谓"与"谓之"在句子中的不同作用给出了明确的区分.第三,在批评宋明儒的思想同时,还引进了语词分析、句子意涵分析和文本中的言语脉络分析等具体的语言学技术性方法.第四,直接从文字训诂与语言分析入手来重新解释儒家经典的哲学意义,以语言学的实证方式追求哲学的形上之道.使其哲学既与宋明理学者从哲学思考路径出发来重新诠释儒家经典的致思方式不同,也与20世纪西方语言哲学拒斥形而上学的目标不同,从而形成了18世纪中国哲学的语言学转向的自身特点.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.