儿童青少年的亲社会行为及其培养

儿童青少年认同的亲社会行为具有利他性、社交性、群体制约性等特点;其亲社会行为概念表征更接近于原型表征方式,特质型亲社会行为处于亲社会行为概念的中心位置;儿童青少年的亲社会行为决策受其社会信息加工特点影响,不同类型的儿童和不同种类的情境对SIP过程产生交互影响;通过提高儿童青少年解决同伴冲突的技能和情绪胜任力等方面的团体干预活动,能有效促进儿童青少年亲社会行为的发展.     

12-16岁被助儿童的自助能力、移情能力与亲社会行为关系的研究

亲社会行为是指“人们在社会交往中所表现出来的谦让、帮助、合作和共享等有利于别人和社会的行为”.儿童亲社会行为的发展是他们道德认识水平提高、道德情感不断丰富的重要组成部分,它对儿童品德的发展有着不可低估的作用.国外关于亲社会行为的实验研究始于60年代末,近年来倾向于多因素的实验研究.国内有关此领域的研究刚刚起步,从发展心理学的角度探索儿童亲社会行为影响因素的实验研究更为罕见.     

受助者结果类型对亲社会表现的影响:成人与儿童的对比研究

亲社会表现是指人们在社会交往中表现出来的谦让、帮助、合作、分享等行为,其影响机制受到广泛关注。本文通过两个研究（分别以大学生和二、四、六年级小学生为研究对象）探讨了受助者结果类型（受助者获得积极结果vs.受助者避免消极结果）对亲社会表现的影响。结果显示：（1）受助者避免消极结果条件比受助者获得积极结果条件诱发成人更高的亲社会意愿和行为;（2）六年级儿童帮助他人避免消极结果的亲社会意愿更强、情绪更积极;（3）相对于帮助他人避免消极结果,二年级儿童更倾向于帮助他人获得积极结果。这些结果说明受助者结果类型影响个体的亲社会表现（包括亲社会行为、亲社会意愿、亲社会情绪）,并且这种影响因成人和儿童有所不同：成人和年长儿童表现出亲社会损失规避现象,年幼儿童则表现出相反效应。     

亲子关系、感觉加工敏感性与COMT Val158Met多态性对学前儿童亲社会行为的交互影响

基于个体多重敏感性因素与环境交互的视角,本研究探讨了亲子关系、感觉加工敏感性(Sensory Processing Sensitivity, SPS)与COMT Val158Met多态性的交互作用对学前儿童亲社会行为的影响。研究以507名学前儿童为被试(M年龄=4.83岁, SD=0.90岁),分别采用父母报告的亲子关系量表、高敏感儿童量表、长处与困难问卷中的亲社会分问卷测量了亲子关系、儿童的SPS和亲社会行为,采集唾液样本进行基因位点的分型。研究结果发现,亲子冲突、SPS与COMTVal158Met多态性的三重交互作用对儿童亲社会行为影响显著。在携带Val/Val基因型的儿童中,高SPS儿童比低SPS儿童在低亲子冲突条件下表现更多的亲社会行为,但在高亲子冲突条件下表现更少的亲社会行为;在携带Met等位基因的儿童中,亲子冲突与SPS的交互作用对儿童亲社会行为的影响不显著。研究结果表明同时具有高气质敏感性和高基因敏感性儿童的亲社会行为更容易受到亲子冲突的影响,这为深入理解个体多重敏感性因素与家庭环境交互影响儿童发展提供了证据。     

儿童四种典型亲社会行为发展的特点

帮助、合作、分享、安慰是儿童亲社会行为的主要类型。四种亲社会行为在儿童身上的发展表现出以下特点:①儿童对这四种亲社会行为的分化发生在18~24个月;②四种亲社会行为随儿童年龄增长表现出不同的变化趋势;③四种亲社会行为的发展既受个人因素的影响,也受情境因素的影响。     

学前儿童在园亲社会行为的观察研究

采用事件取样的方法,对276名幼儿园小班、中班、大班儿童的在园亲社会行为进行10天的自然观察,获得有效事件样本942件.统计分析表明:(1)儿童的亲社会行为不存在性别差异;(2)儿童的亲社会行为主要是指向同伴,极少数指向教师;(3)儿童的亲社会行为指向同性伙伴和异性伙伴的次数存在年龄差异,小班儿童的亲社会行为指向同性、异性同伴的次数接近,而中班和大班儿童的亲社会行为指向同性伙伴的次数不断增多,指向异性伙伴的次数不断减少;(4)在儿童的亲社会行为中,合作行为最为常见,再次为分享行为和助人行为,安慰行为和公德行为较少发生;(5)教师通常对儿童的亲社会行为做出积极反应或中性反应;同伴对儿童的合作行为多做出积极反应,对儿童的分享行为、帮助行为、安慰行为多做中性反应.儿童的亲社会行为大多未得到及时的强化.     

贫困家庭儿童在青少年早期的亲社会行为发展轨迹：性别及父母教养方式异质性的影响

为了探究贫困家庭儿童在青少年早期的亲社会行为发展轨迹以及父母教养方式的异质性及其性别效应,对815名贫困家庭儿童(M=11.75±1.55岁;男生351人)的父母教养方式进行评估,并对其亲社会行为进行了2年共4次的追踪调查,数据分别采用潜在剖面分析和多组潜变量增长模型进行分析。结果发现：(1)贫困家庭儿童的亲社会行为水平在青少年早期呈显著的线性下降趋势;(2)贫困家庭父母教养方式的异质性对儿童亲社会行为的初始水平和发展轨迹均有显著的效应,积极关爱型贫困家庭儿童的亲社会行为初始水平得分显著高于其它类型,但在发展轨迹上却呈线性下降的趋势;消极控制型贫困家庭儿童的亲社会行为在初始水平上显著低于其它类型,其发展轨迹无显著变化;(3)在性别效应上,适度关爱型组别中女生亲社会行为的初始水平显著的高于男生,且该组女生的亲社会行为下降速度比男生缓慢。结论：贫困家庭父母教养方式的异质性对青少年早期儿童亲社会行为发展轨迹存在显著效应,适度关爱型父母教养方式可以缓冲贫困家庭中女孩亲社会行为的下降速度。     

儿童内疚情绪对其亲社会行为的影响

为考察儿童内疚情绪对其亲社会行为的影响,本研究采用现场实验的方法探讨了小学5年级学生内疚情绪与其亲社会行为的关系。结果显示：（1）内疚情绪能促进儿童亲社会行为水平的提高,难过情绪不能促进儿童亲社会行为水平的提高;（2）当儿童将注意力集中于自己对团体造成的不良影响,产生内疚情绪,但如果其将注意力集中于自己的不良结果时,则产生难过情绪。结论：儿童的消极情绪是否能促进其亲社会行为水平的提高,取决于其将注意力集中于自己还是他人。     

小学高年级儿童的学业成绩、亲社会行为与同伴接纳、拒斥的关系

本研究以小学高年级402名学生为研究对象,探讨了儿童的学业成绩、亲社会行为与同伴接纳、同伴拒斥之间的关系。结果发现:(1)不同学业成绩组儿童的亲社会行为存在显著差异,学习优秀儿童的亲社会行为水平最高,学习中等儿童居中,学习困难儿童的亲社会行为水平最低。(2)多元线性回归分析表明,儿童的亲社会行为能显著地正向预测其同伴接纳、负向预测其同伴拒斥;但学业成绩只能显著地正向预测同伴接纳,而对同伴拒斥无显著的预测作用。(3)亲社会行为对男、女生的同伴接纳的预测作用大于学业成绩的预测作用。     

短时亲社会电子游戏对小学儿童攻击行为的影响

本研究探讨小学儿童亲社会想法和积极情绪在短时亲社会电子游戏对攻击行为影响中的作用。对杭州市两所小学二、四和六年级共270名学生进行实验和问卷调查。结果表明,与暴力和中性游戏相比,亲社会电子游戏能显著降低小学儿童的攻击行为,且男生比女生更易受亲社会游戏影响,表现出更少攻击行为;亲社会想法在亲社会电子游戏对小学生攻击行为的影响中起部分中介作用,而积极情绪在亲社会电子游戏对小学生攻击行为的影响中不起作用。     

Adolescents' aggressive and prosocial behavior: associations with jealousy and social anxiety

The authors examined how relational aggression, physical aggression, and proactive prosocial behavior were associated with jealousy and social anxiety in a diverse sample of 60 middle school students. After the authors controlled for gender and race, jealousy predicted relational aggression and proactive prosocial behavior, but it did not predict physical aggression. Additionally, social anxiety predicted proactive prosocial behavior. Adolescents who were more jealous in their peer relationships also tended to engage in relational aggression and proactive prosocial behavior, and adolescents who were more socially anxious also tended to be proactively prosocial. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and suggest directions for future research.     

Health Status and Peer Relationships in Early Adolescence: The Role of Peer Contact, Self-esteem, and Social Anxiety

We examined associations between children’s health status and the quality of their peer relationships, as well as factors that may account for individual variation in the quality of chronically ill and healthy children’s peer relationships. Our sample included 268 children (138 boys; 130 girls) with 149 European-Americans and 119 African-Americans. There were 91 children with a chronic illness; 35 with asthma, 26 with diabetes, and 30 with obesity. Chronically ill children were characterized by teachers as displaying less prosocial behavior, less overt aggression, and less relational aggression with peers than healthy children. Chronically ill children reported lower levels of peer contact and higher levels of social anxiety than healthy children. Among chronically ill children those with high self-esteem were more prosocial and less aggressive than those with low self-esteem. Our findings suggest that chronically ill children are at risk for peer relationship difficulties, but that self-esteem may serve as a protective factor against poor peer relationships for some chronically ill children.     

Disentangling the impact of low cognitive ability and inattention on social behavior and peer relationships. Conduct Problems Prevention Re search Group

Examined the shared and unique contributions of low cognitive ability and inattention to the development of social behavior problems and peer relationships of children at the time of school entry. Kindergarten and first-grade assessments of cognitive ability, inattention and prosocial and aggressive behavior were collected for a multisite, normative sample. Sociometric assessments of peer relationships were collected at the end of first grade. Cognitive ability and inattention both contributed to the prediction of social behavior and peer relationships. Low cognitive ability was particularly predictive of prosocial skill deficits, and social behavior mediated the relation between cognitive ability and social preference. Inattention predicted both prosocial skill deficits and elevated aggressive-disruptive behavior problems. Behavior problems partially mediated the relation between inattention and social preference. Identified subgroups of children with elevated levels of inattention or low cognitive ability showed different patterns of peer problems, with low acceptance characteristic of the low cognitive ability (only) group and high dislike ratings characteristic of the inattentive and inattentive/low-ability group. Implications are discussed for the design of early intervention and prevention programs.     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal relations among peer-reported trustworthiness, social relationships, and psychological adjustment in children and early adolescents from the United Kingdom and Canada

Trustworthiness was examined in children and early adolescents from two countries. In Study 1,505 children in the fifth and sixth school years in the United Kingdom (mean age = 9 years 7 months) were tested across an 8-month period. In Study 2,350 sixth- through eighth-grade Canadian children and early adolescents (mean age = 12 years 11 months) were tested across a 1-year period. Participants completed measures assessing trustworthiness (ratings of promise and secret keeping by peer group and also by best friend in Study 1), assertiveness (Study 1), prosocial behavior (Study 2), social relationships (friendships and peer preference), and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and loneliness). Peer-reported trustworthiness was positively associated with, and predicted changes across time in, the number of friendships. The observed relations were found to be statistically independent of peer preference and peer-reported assertiveness or prosocial behavior. Trustworthiness was found to be positively associated with peer preference (Study 1 and Study 2) and psychological adjustment (Study 1).     

亲子依恋与初中生亲社会行为:有调节的中介效应

亲社会行为是个体在人际交往中表现出的谦让、帮助、合作、分享等行为,是青少年社会能力发展的重要方面。以往研究表明,安全的亲子依恋对亲社会行为具有重要影响,但亲子依恋发挥作用的具体机制及作用条件还有待深入探讨。本研究在发展系统理论及依恋理论指导下,构建一个有调节的中介效应模型,检验心理资本在亲子依恋与亲社会行为之间的中介作用,以及不良同伴交往对上述中介路径的调节作用。采用亲子依恋问卷、心理资本问卷、不良同伴交往问卷以及亲社会行为问卷对737名初中生进行测查。结构方程模型分析表明:(1)在控制了年龄、性别和社会经济地位后,亲子依恋对亲社会行为具有显著的正向预测作用。(2)中介效应检验表明,心理资本在亲子依恋与亲社会行为之间具有完全中介作用。(3)有调节的中介效应检验进一步表明,不良同伴交往调节了"亲子依恋→心理资本→亲社会行为"的前半段,即当初中生的不良同伴交往偏多时,亲子依恋对心理资本的促进作用减弱。本研究的发现表明,安全的依恋关系有利于培养初中生的心理资本,进而促进亲社会行为。但是,较高的不良同伴交往会阻碍亲子依恋积极作用的发挥。本研究验证了家庭系统、同伴系统和个人系统对亲社会行为的联合作用,对初中生亲社会行为的培养具有一定的指导意义。     

Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: the role of prosocial behavior

Children's peer relations represent a key aspect of school adjustment. However, little is known about their social-cognitive precursors. To address this gap, the authors followed 70 children across the transition to primary school. At Time 1 (age 5), Time 2 (age 6), and Time 3 (age 7), children were assessed on their theory of mind, prosocial behavior, and verbal ability. In addition, at Time 2 and at Time 3, the authors gathered peer nominations. Results supported the authors' mediational hypothesis of indirect paths from early theory of mind to subsequently lower peer rejection and higher peer acceptance, via improvements in prosocial behavior. The authors discuss implications of these longitudinal effects for the understanding of the impact of social-cognitive achievements for children's developing social relations.     

幼儿二级错误信念认知、亲社会行为与同伴接纳的关系

探讨了113名3~6岁儿童的二级错误信念认知、亲社会行为与同伴接纳之间的关系,结果表明：在总体上,儿童的亲社会行为是其同伴接纳的最佳预测变量;二级错误信念认知和亲社会行为对儿童同伴接纳的影响存在一定的年龄效应,二级错误信念认知是年幼组儿童同伴接纳的最佳预测变量,而亲社会行为则是年长组儿童同伴接纳的最佳预测变量。     

童年晚期亲社会行为与儿童的心理社会适应

对2097名六年级儿童(平均年龄12.27岁, 男生1093名)的亲社会行为以及多种心理社会适应指标进行测量, 主要运用个体定向的方法考察童年晚期亲社会行为与儿童心理社会适应之间的关系。结果发现:(1)亲社会行为与孤独感、攻击等不良适应呈中等程度负相关, 与同伴接纳、社交自我概念等积极适应呈中等程度正相关;(2)童年晚期儿童的心理社会适应表现为内化问题、外化问题、同伴拒绝与正常发展4种模式;(3)个体亲社会行为水平越高, 越可能属于正常发展组, 越不可能属于不良适应组;在各种不良适应组中, 个体亲社会行为水平越高, 更可能属于内化问题组, 而非外化问题和同伴拒绝组;(4)高亲社会组的儿童有6.8%存在内化问题;低亲社会组的儿童有50.2%适应良好;与普通儿童相比, 低亲社会组的儿童表现出更多的适应不良。     

童年中期同伴关系、同伴关系知觉与心理行为适应的关系

本研究以422名小学二、三、四年级的儿童进行为期3年的纵向研究,考察了时间2的同伴关系知觉在时间1的同伴关系和时间3的心理行为适应之间的中介效应。结果表明,自我知觉的社会能力在同伴接纳与社交/领导行为和孤独感之间的中介作用显著,自我知觉的友谊质量在双向互选朋友与社交/领导行为和孤独感之间的中介作用显著。