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1.
Most people believe that the future will bring them more good things than bad, and therefore have high hopes for the future
(MacLeod et al. Cogn Emot 10:69–85, 1996). However, many patients with mood disorders do not hold this positive belief about
the future. At the extreme, low expectations of positive outcomes in the future can lead to feelings of hopelessness (O’Connor
et al. Psychol Health Med 5:155–161, 2000). This paper aims to extend the literature on subjective probability of future events,
using a mood induction paradigm to examine the effects of transient mood change on perceived likelihood of future events in
a non-clinical community sample. Participants rated likelihood of future events from a standardized list and from their own
lives. Ratings were made in both normal and experimentally-induced positive or negative mood. Results show that self-generated
future events were perceived to be more likely than those from a standardized list, and that negative mood significantly biased
perceived likelihood of other-generated future events. Participants rating standardized list events saw positive outcomes
as less likely and negative outcomes as more likely in induced negative mood than they did in normal mood. Mood had no effect
on ratings of self-generated events. Possible directions for future research are discussed.
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2.
When individuals think about their future, feedback on their strengths and weaknesses may often serve as a useful source of information. Three studies investigated the influence of positive and neutral moods on feedback seeking. In Studies 1 and 2, positive mood increased interest in feedback about weaknesses when this information was useful for self-assessment and self-improvement. But when the feedback was not useful for these superordinate, long-term goals then positive mood directed participants’ interest to strength-focused feedback, thereby serving short-term, affective concerns (e.g., feeling good about oneself). Study 3 directly manipulated self-evaluative goals. When a learning goal was activated, positive mood increased interest in weaknesses-focused feedback, but when an affective goal was activated, positive mood increased interest in strength-focused feedback. These results support our hypothesis that positive mood attunes individuals to the relationships of goals and means, thus promoting actions that serve primary goals. 相似文献
3.
Psychologists who have historically focused on relationships have tended to underestimate the radical nature of human relationship.
A “serious” or an ontological relationality would change the nature of psychotherapy. We describe this change in a discussion
of two approaches to relationship, weak and strong relationality. We argue that weak relationality, the general conception
of relationship in mainstream psychology, does not ultimately take even the therapeutic relationship seriously. We then discuss
and illustrate ten practical implications that a strong relationality would have for psychotherapy.
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4.
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that a positive mood can increase attendance to, and systematic processing of, threatening
health information, particularly when the information is self-relevant. In Study 1, a positive mood increased differentiation
between strong and weak arguments in a threatening health message about RSI only for participants who had received false feedback
regarding their high vulnerability to RSI. Mood had no effects under conditions of low vulnerability. In Study 2, a positive
mood speeded up responses to self-threatening words—compared with neutral words—for smokers who had just read a threatening
health message about smoking. The authors conclude that fostering a positive mood may promote attendance to and systematic
processing of information that threatens the self, and hence contribute to the success of health campaigns targeted at individuals
who are vulnerable to specific health risks.
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5.
This study tests the mediating effect of the quality of college life (QCL) in the student satisfaction and student loyalty
relationship. QCL refers to the degree of need satisfaction and the experiences that create a positive affect throughout college
life. The QCL of students is conceptualized as a higher order construct that is composed of need satisfaction and affect balance.
It has been hypothesized that student satisfaction with university services has a significant impact on QCL, which in turn
positively influences student loyalty. The results from the survey of 228 college students largely supported the model. Both
the managerial and policy implications of this study are discussed.
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6.
The purpose of this essay is to clarify the notion of mnemonic content. Memories have content. However, it is not clear whether
memories are about past events in the world, past states of our own minds, or some combination of those two elements. I suggest
that any proposal about mnemonic content should help us understand why events are presented to us in memory as being in the
past. I discuss three proposals about mnemonic content and, eventually, I put forward a positive view. According to this view,
when a subject seems to remember a certain event, that event is presented to her as making true a perceptual experience that
caused the very memory experience that she is having.
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7.
When two omnipotent beings are randomly and sequentially selecting positive integers, the being who selects second is almost
certain to select a larger number. I then use the relativity of simultaneity to create a paradox by having omnipotent beings
select positive integers in different orders for different observers.
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8.
We examined the relationship between work unit, direct management, and overall management turnover and performance improvement following an intervention in fifty work units in multiple organizations in eight countries. Direct management turnover was negatively related to performance improvement, while work unit and overall management turnover were not. We also investigated shared values as a moderator of the turnover-performance relationship and found that high shared values buffered the negative effect of overall management turnover on performance improvement. The results are noteworthy, as they point to the importance of examining turnover at different organizational levels and identifying moderators of the turnover-performance relationship. 相似文献
9.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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10.
Despite extensive research on the subject spanning over 70 years, uncertainty still remains as to whether happier workers
are in fact more productive. This study combined longitudinal prospective and experience sampling methods to examine the relationship
between happiness and self-reported productivity among Directors employed in the public and private sectors. Analyses at a
trait level suggested happy people were more productive. Similarly, at the state level of analysis, people were more productive
when they were happier. Among the happiness indicators examined (job satisfaction, quality of work life, life satisfaction,
positive affect, and negative affect) positive affect was most strongly, but not exclusively, tied to productivity at both
the state and trait levels. Discussion focuses on reconciling a long history of mixed findings regarding the happy-productive
worker thesis.
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11.
This research investigated the influence of reminders of mortality on biased attention for fear-relevant animals across 2
studies. In each study, participants completed a baseline dot-probe test of attention to fear-relevant animals (snakes and
spiders). After random assignment, participants completed a mortality salience or control writing task (about watching television
in Study 1 and about writing an important exam in Study 2). Finally, participants completed the dot-probe measure a second
time. In both studies, those in the mortality salience condition showed a significant reduction in bias for fear-relevant
animals from baseline to post-manipulation, whereas no change was found for those in the control conditions. These data suggest
that the previously demonstrated lack of emotional response to mortality salience may, in part, result from the avoidance
of fear-relevant stimuli.
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12.
Spiritual practices are increasingly accommodated by therapists working with religious couples. While research documents potential
benefits, spiritual practices such as prayer may invoke an interpretive couple-God relationship distorted by pathogenic processes
in one or both spouses. A survey administered to 78 religious couples examined the influence of power/gender as it relates
to couples’ harmful triangulation with Deity. Results suggest that harmful triangulation with Deity does occur to some degree
in couple relationships, that there are significant differences by gender, and that spouses’ tendencies to triangulate are
correlated with one another. We discuss these results from a systemic-feminist perspective, and offer some clinical applications
for working with religious couples.
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13.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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14.
Clergy spouses experience various life stressors, yet many cope and function effectively in the midst of their daily challenges.
Mental health professionals were asked to identify wives of male clergy who exemplify emotional and spiritual health. Nominees
were contacted and interviews conducted with 25 women. Each interviewee was asked about coping with normal life stressors,
stressors associated with being married to a minister, and catastrophic life events. All interviews were transcribed and coded,
using grounded theory. Participants emphasized the importance of spirituality, social support, limit-setting, and healthy
lifestyle choices. Implications are discussed.
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15.
We re-evaluate the relation between cantonal direct democracy and perceived subjective well-being in Switzerland using new
data from the Swiss Household Panel. In addition, this study goes beyond previous work by carefully controlling for cultural
determinants of happiness such as languages and religion. We find that once language is controlled for, no robust significant
relationship between the extent of direct democracy and life satisfaction can be observed. The results also show that direct
democracy does not affect well-being within language groups in Switzerland.
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16.
Based on the affective expectations model and research on mental effort mobilization, two experiments manipulated affective
expectations (no expectations versus positive expectations) and ego involvement (low versus high) and assessed participants’
affective reactions to hedonically neutral stimuli. In Experiment 1, evaluations were more positive when participants had
positive expectations about neutral photos—but only when ego involvement was low. High ego involvement neutralized this affective
expectation assimilation effect. Experiment 2 replicated these findings for experienced mood after reading a hedonically neutral
short essay. Furthermore, high ego involvement led to longer response latencies in the affect ratings in Study 1. The findings
support the idea that high ego involvement resulted in relatively high mental effort that was necessary to detect discrepancies
between affective expectations and stimuli’s real affective potential and therefore moderated the assimilation effect to affective
expectations.
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17.
We conducted a field study to test the applicability of the job characteristics model (JCM) in volunteer organizations and
examine the impact of job characteristics on volunteer motivation, satisfaction and intent to quit, as well as test a measure
of volunteer performance. One hundred and twenty-four volunteers completed measures of job characteristics, motivation, satisfaction,
and intent to quit. Supervisors rated volunteer task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). Results showed
that job characteristics were related to volunteers’ autonomous motivation, satisfaction and performance. Autonomous motivation
acted as a mediator in the relationship between job characteristics and satisfaction. The theoretical and practical implications
of these findings are discussed.
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18.
People experience autonomy when they perceive their behaviour to be volitional rather than driven by external controls. Previous
research has studied autonomy in relationships at a general level, focusing on people’s motivations to maintain their romantic
relationships, as measured by the Couple Motivation Questionnaire (CMQ; Blais et al., J Personal Soc Psychol 59:1021–1031,
1990). To supplement the CMQ, we developed the Motivations for Relational Activities (MRA) scale, which assesses the extent to
which people feel autonomous and controlled in a variety of specific relational activities. The purpose of this study is to
examine the unique contributions of general motivations to maintain a relationship (CMQ) and motivations toward specific relational
activities (MRA) in the prediction of relationship well-being. Results showed that the MRA and CMQ both independently and
significantly contributed to the prediction of relationship well-being (i.e., commitment, intimacy, satisfaction, and vitality
within the relationship) and were differentiated by their associations to dimensions of personality and attachment.
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19.
According to the Particularist Theory of Events, events are real things that have a spatiotemporal location. I argue that
some events do not have a spatial location in the sense required by the theory. These events are ordinary, nonmental events
like Smith’s investigating the murder and Carol’s putting her coat on the chair. I discuss the significance of these counterexamples
for the theory.
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20.
Over the last 20 years, researchers and practitioners have become increasingly interested in the transactional–transformational
leadership paradigm. However, only a few studies have tested the validity of this approach to leadership concerning Christian
pastors. Thus, two studies were conducted in Germany that explored the effect of transactional and transformational leadership
of pastors on several outcome criteria. The results revealed that transformational leadership was positively associated with
followers’ satisfaction with their pastor, their extra effort, their effectiveness, and their job satisfaction. In addition
to this effect on followers, transformational leadership showed positive effects on worshipers’ satisfaction with the worship
service. Implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed.
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