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1.
De-Ontologizing the Debate on Social Explanations: A Pragmatic Approach Based on Epistemic Interests
In a recent paper on realism and pragmatism published in this journal, Osmo Kivinen and Tero Piiroinen have been pleading
for more methodological work in the philosophy of the social sciences—refining the conceptual tools of social scientists—and
less philosophically ontological theories. Following this de-ontologizing approach, we scrutinize the debates on social explanation
and contribute to the development of a pragmatic social science methodology. Analyzing four classic debates concerning explanation
in the social sciences, we propose to shift the debate away from (a) the ontologizing defenses of forms of social explanation,
and (b) a winner-takes-all-approach. Instead, we advocate (c) a pragmatic approach towards social explanation, elaborating
a rigorous framework for explanatory pluralism detached from the debates on social ontology.
相似文献
Erik WeberEmail: |
2.
Holger Andreas 《Axiomathes》2008,18(3):379-394
The concept of measurement is fundamental to a whole range of different disciplines, including not only the natural and engineering
sciences, but also laboratory medicine and certain branches of the social sciences. This being the case, the concept of measurement
has a particular relevance to the development of top-level ontologies in the area of knowledge engineering. For this reason,
the present paper is concerned with ontological aspects of measurement. We are searching for a list of concepts that are apt
to characterize measurement methods in a general manner. To establish such means of characterization, we will primarily deal
with the semantics of measurement values.
相似文献
Holger AndreasEmail: |
3.
Understanding the Subjective Point of View: Methodological Implications of the Schutz-Parsons Debate
The bone of contention that divides Alfred Schutz and Talcott Parsons in their 1940–1941 debate is that Schutz acknowledges
an ontological break between the commonsense and scientific worlds whereas Parsons only considers it “a matter of refinement.”
Schutz’s ontological distancing that disconnects the “world of consociates” where social reality is directly experienced in
face-to-face contacts, and the “world of contemporaries” where the Other is experienced in terms of “types” has been crucial
to social scientists. Implicated in the break is that all intellectual attempts to understand experiences of Others must be
based on the “models” constructed in the “world of contemporaries” (or “predecessors”); hence, epistemologically, to grasp
the subjective point of view with a here-and-now understanding is an outright impossibility. Based on a Schutzian perspective,
the author suggests that the sociologist must objectivize the Thou-orientations involved in his/her analysis in order that
s/he can possibility grasp the subjective point of view in objective terms.
相似文献
Wing-Chung HoEmail: |
4.
Jonathan Schaffer 《Philosophical Studies》2008,141(1):7-19
On the truthmaker view of ontological commitment [Heil (From an ontological point of view, 2003); Armstrong (Truth and truthmakers, 2004); Cameron (Philosophical Studies, 2008)], a theory is committed to the entities needed in the world for the theory to be made true. I argue that this view
puts truthmaking to the wrong task. None of the leading accounts of truthmaking—via necessitation, supervenience, or grounding—can
provide a viable measure of ontological commitment. But the grounding account does provide a needed constraint on what is
fundamental. So I conclude that truthmaker commitments are not a rival to quantifier commitments, but a needed complement.
The quantifier commitments are what a theory says exists, while the truthmaker commitments are what a theory says is fundamental.
相似文献
Jonathan SchafferEmail: |
5.
Ahmad Ahmadi 《Topoi》2007,26(2):213-219
Regarding the exhaustive discussions of the fundamentality of existence versus the fundamentality of quiddity, it is a necessary
preliminary to examine and analyze the first documented statement of the fundamentality of existence. Following this, we must
inquire how the concept is obtained on the basis of which such a judgment could be formed. Then we must illuminate the meaning
of propositions that state only that an object is or exists (ontological propositions). Finally, by explaining the meaning
of the words “quiddity” and “existence” and comparing them, indications are found of confusion between epistemological and
ontological issues.
相似文献
Ahmad AhmadiEmail: |
6.
Jakub Čapek 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):453-463
The first part of this essay is basically historical. It introduces the explanation–understanding divide, focusing in particular
on the general–unique distinction. The second part is more philosophical and it presents two different claims on action. In
the first place, I will try to say what it means to understand an action. Secondly, we will focus on the explanation of action
as it is seen in some explanatory sciences. I will try to argue that in some cases these sciences commit what I call an “external
contradiction”.
相似文献
Jakub ČapekEmail: |
7.
James G. Hart 《Axiomathes》2008,18(4):407-424
Although the connections of Hedwig Conrad-Martius’ ontological phenomenology, what she called, “realontology,” to Husserl’s
transcendental phenomenology were constant concerns that usually remained in the background of her work, on occasion they
became foreground. Similarly the problems surrounding the individuation of the person and spirit were persistent but rather
marginal in her writings. In this paper I want first to review some of the issues as they are connected to ontological and
transcendental phenomenology. Then I want to relate them to the cosmological and theological issues that were no less important
for Conrad-Martius.
相似文献
James G. HartEmail: |
8.
Amie L. Thomasson 《Axiomathes》2009,19(1):1-15
This paper defends the view that ontological questions (properly understood) are easy—too easy, in fact, to be subjects of
substantive and distinctively philosophical debates. They are easy, roughly, in the sense that they may be resolved straightforwardly—generally by a combination of conceptual
and empirical enquiries. After briefly outlining the view and some of its virtues, I turn to examine two central lines of
objection. The first is that this ‘easy’ approach is itself committed to substantive ontological views, including an implausibly
permissive ontology. The second is that it, like neo-Fregean views, relies on transformation rules that are questionable on
both logical and ontological grounds. Ultimately, I will argue, the easy view is not easily assailed by either of these routes,
and so remains (thus far) a tenable and attractive approach.
相似文献
Amie L. ThomassonEmail: |
9.
Daniel S. Goldberg 《Journal of religion and health》2007,46(1):99-108
The question of the extent of the interconnection, if any, between religion and the Western culture of biomedicine has received
considerable scholarly attention over the past several decades. However, any phenomenological analysis that begins by positing
an essence of religion is, if not doomed, deeply flawed from the outset. This paper employs William Alston’s non-essentialist
notion of ‘religion-making characteristics’ to assess the extent of the interconnection. The conclusion is that the culture
of biomedicine does share many, if not all of these characteristics, and that both religion and medicine overlap in significant
ways on, to use Erwin Goodenough’s metaphor, the painted curtain that separates man from the tremendum.
相似文献
Daniel S. GoldbergEmail: |
10.
Scott Soames 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(2):213-218
The article rebutts Michael Kremer’s contention that Russell’s contextual definition of set-theoretic language in Principia
Mathematica constituted the ontological achievement of eliminating commitment to classes. Although Russell’s higher-order
quantifiers, used in the definition, need not range over classes, none of the plausible substitutes provide a solid basis
for eliminating them. This point is used to defend the presentation, in The Dawn of Analysis, of Russell’s logicist reduction,
using a first-order version of naive set theory.
相似文献
Scott SoamesEmail: |
11.
Hans-Ulrich Hoche 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(3):389-409
From 1990 on, the London psychologist Max Velmans developed a novel approach to (phenomenal) consciousness according to which
an experience of an object is phenomenologically identical to an object as experienced. On the face of it I agree; but unlike Velmans I argue that the latter should be understood as comparable, not to a Kantian, but rather to a noematic ‘phenomenon’ in the Husserlian sense. Consequently, I replace Velmans’s reflexive model with a complementaristic approach
in a strict sense which leaves no room for either monistic or dualistic views (including Velmans’s ontological monism and
his dual-aspect interpretation of complementarity) and hence requires us to radically reinterpret the concept of psychophysical
causation.
相似文献
Hans-Ulrich HocheEmail: |
12.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):101-116
Non-actual model systems discussed in scientific theories are compared to fictions in literature. This comparison may help
with the understanding of similarity relations between models and real-world target systems. The ontological problems surrounding
fictions in science may be particularly difficult, however. A comparison is also made to ontological problems that arise in
the philosophy of mathematics.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
13.
Psychologists who have historically focused on relationships have tended to underestimate the radical nature of human relationship.
A “serious” or an ontological relationality would change the nature of psychotherapy. We describe this change in a discussion
of two approaches to relationship, weak and strong relationality. We argue that weak relationality, the general conception
of relationship in mainstream psychology, does not ultimately take even the therapeutic relationship seriously. We then discuss
and illustrate ten practical implications that a strong relationality would have for psychotherapy.
相似文献
Brent D. SlifeEmail: |
14.
Patrick Toner 《Philosophical Studies》2008,141(3):281-297
In this paper, I develop an ontological position according to which substances such as you and I have no substantial parts.
The claim is not that we are immaterial souls. Nor is the claim that we are “human atoms” co-located with human organisms.
It is, rather, that we are macrophysical objects that are, in the relevant sense, simple. I contend that despite initial appearances,
this claim is not obviously false, and I defend it by showing how much work it can do.
相似文献
Patrick TonerEmail: |
15.
Christian Sachse 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(2):201-205
In his work, Horgan argues for the compatibilism of agency, mental state-causation, and physical causal-closure. We generally
assume a causally closed physical world that seems to exclude agency in the sense of mental state-causation in addition to
physical causation. However, Horgan argues for an account of agency that satisfies the experience of our own as acting persons
and that is compatible with physical causal-closure. Mental properties are causal properties but not identical with physical
properties because there are different ontological levels. In this commentary, I shall reconsider the essential issues of
this compatibilism (1), focus on a problem for Horgan’s conception of agent causation that arises from the causal argument
for ontological reductionism (2), and propose to embed Horgan’s conception of agency within a reductionist approach in order
to vindicate the indispensable character of agency (3).
相似文献
Christian SachseEmail: |
16.
Berit Brogaard 《Philosophical Studies》2008,141(1):21-42
There are two doctrines for which Quine is particularly well known: the doctrine of ontological commitment and the inscrutability
thesis—the thesis that reference and quantification are inscrutable. At first glance, the two doctrines are squarely at odds.
If there is no fact of the matter as to what our expressions refer to, then it would appear that no determinate commitments
can be read off of our best theories. We argue here that the appearance of a clash between the two doctrines is illusory.
The reason that there is no real conflict is not simply that in determining our theories’ ontological commitments we naturally
rely on our home language but also (and more importantly) that ontological commitment is not intimately tied to objectual
quantification and a reference-first approach to language. Or so we will argue. We conclude with a new inscrutability argument
which rests on the observation that the notion of objectual quantification, when properly cashed out, deflates.
相似文献
Berit BrogaardEmail: Email: |
17.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
Bernd BuldtEmail: |
Benedikt L?we (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas MüllerEmail: |
18.
Valsiner J 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(1):1-5
This Special Issue of IPBS brings the old metaphor of William James—consciousness as a “stream of thought”—to a contemporary
critical inspection. It is demonstrated—based on materials of language (Panksepp 2008; Shanahan 2008), perception (Engelmann
2008) and dialogical self (Bertau 2008) that the classic river metaphor is an inadequate depiction of the multi-level psychological
processes that are regulated by the affective systems of the brain and hierarchically integrated through dialogical and semiotic
mechanisms.
Jaan Valsiner is Editor-in-Chief of IPBS, and the founding editor of Culture & Psychology (Sage/London). He is the author of ten monographs and numerous edited books, focusing on the epistemology of knowledge in the social sciences. He also edits Transaction Publishers’ new book series History and Theory of Psychology. 相似文献
Jaan ValsinerEmail: |
Jaan Valsiner is Editor-in-Chief of IPBS, and the founding editor of Culture & Psychology (Sage/London). He is the author of ten monographs and numerous edited books, focusing on the epistemology of knowledge in the social sciences. He also edits Transaction Publishers’ new book series History and Theory of Psychology. 相似文献
19.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |