自由目标效应与样例效应对学生写作成绩影响

“自由目标效应”和“样例效应”是认知负荷理论为解决学习者的认知资源限制而提出的两个重要的教学设计原则。通过两个实验,研究“自由目标效应”和“样例效应”对不同写作水平学生写作成绩的影响。被试为406名初中一年级学生。结果表明,“自由目标效应”和“样例效应”受学生写作水平的影响。“自由目标效应”对高水平写作者有促进作用,但会降低低水平写作者的成绩;“样例效应”对低水平写作者有促进作用,但对高水平写作者的写作成绩无显著影响。     

Facial disfigurement in patients with head and neck cancer: the role of social self-efficacy.

This study investigated the moderating role of social self-efficacy (i.e., the belief that one is capable of exercising control over the reactions and openness of other people) with respect to the link between facial disfigurement and psychological and n = 76) as well as their physicians. In line with the hypotheses, the results revealed that the degree of facial disfigurement, as judged by patients as well as their physicians, was positively related to psychological distress and distress in reaction to unpleasant behavior of others, but only when patients did not feel self-efficacious in social encounters. Furthermore, social self-efficacy mitigated the positive link between facial disfigurement as judged by patients and social isolation.     

Effect of head movement on the localization of sounds in the equatorial plane

Five experiments examined the effect of head movement on the localization of sound sources in the equatorial plane. Under most conditions, head movement produces poorer localization for sound sources in the equatorial plane. Only one condition demonstrated an improvement in localization with head movement. The sound source was located toward the side of the head and the source duration was long enough to permit reorientation of the position of the head with re-spect to the sound source.     

Effect of field size, head motion, and rotational velocity on roll vection and illusory self-tilt in a tumbling room

The effect of field size, velocity, and visual fixation upon the perception of self-body rotation and tilt was examined in a rotating furnished room. Subjects sat in a stationary chair in the furnished room which could be rotated about the body roll axis. For full-field conditions, complete 360 degrees body rotation (tumbling) was the most common sensation (felt by 80% of subjects). Constant tilt or partial tumbling (less than 360 degrees rotation) occurred more frequently with a small field of view (20 deg). The number of subjects who experienced complete tumbling increased with increases in field of view and room velocity (for velocities between 15 and 30 degrees s-1). The speed of perceived self-rotation relative to room rotation also increased with increasing field of view.     

Life stress, the "kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective

Major depression is frequently characterized by recurrent episodes over the life course. First lifetime episodes of depression, however, are typically more strongly associated with major life stress than are successive recurrences. A key theoretical issue involves how the role of major life stress changes from an initial episode over subsequent recurrences. The primary conceptual framework for research on life stress and recurrence of depression is the "kindling" hypothesis (R. M. Post, 1992). Despite the strengths of the kindling hypothesis, a review of the research literature reveals inconsistencies and confusion about life stress and its implications for the recurrence of depression. Adopting a life stress perspective, the authors introduce 3 major themes that resolve the inconsistencies in the current literature. They integrate these themes and extrapolate the ideas with available data to develop a preliminary framework for evaluating competing explanatory models and to guide research on life stress and the recurrence of depression.     

远离“城嚣”:自然对人的积极作用、理论及其应用

人类大部分进化时间都是在自然环境中发生的,自然在人的身心健康、认知功能等方面都有积极作用。3个主要的理论揭示了自然对人的积极作用:亲生命性假设认为亲近自然是人类的天性,并且会使人变得更健康和快乐;注意恢复理论认为人处于自然中使用的无意注意能对有意注意疲劳起到恢复作用;压力恢复理论认为接触自然能够激活人类的积极情绪,从而对压力有缓解作用。目前自然对人的积极作用已经在园艺疗法和自然环境疗法得到广泛应用。未来还可以从其他的心理学视角解释自然对人的积极作用,实证研究可以关注真实自然环境和虚拟自然环境的作用差别,还可以考察视觉以外的其他感觉通道接触自然的作用,并结合认知神经科学考察自然积极作用的神经机制。     

历史,从这里开始创造--评《企业家道德》

读了杜莹和她们课题组撰写的《企业家道德》,使我恍然大悟:如今的世界,特别是在我们中国,人类活动角逐的主要领域,已经不在朝廷庙堂,不在边疆战场,而是在现代经济市场上;历史活动的主角,也已不是帝王将相,不是文人骚客,而是千百万各式各样的企业家。虽然手中掌握着巨大的物质财     

质量表征和眼动过度追踪对表征动量的影响

人们对运动目标最终位置的记忆常常会向运动方向发生偏移, 这种偏移被称为“表征动量”。现有研究对表征动量的解释涉及从低水平的知觉加工到高水平的认知加工等多个方面。本研究采用不同材质和滚动声音的球体作为刺激材料, 考察高水平的质量表征对表征动量的影响以及知觉水平的眼动信息在其中的作用。实验1探讨了对目标质量的主观表征对眼动追踪和表征动量的影响。结果显示, 质量表征会同时影响眼动追踪和表征动量。实验2通过不同的提示线索控制眼动追踪, 进一步探讨眼动过度追踪对表征动量的影响。我们发现, 非自然追踪的条件下, 表征动量会减小, 且质量表征对表征动量的影响不再显著。本研究结果表明, 高水平的质量表征对表征动量的影响会通过知觉水平的眼动过度追踪起作用; 然而, 表征动量还受其它因素影响, 眼动信息并非决定表征动量的唯一因素。