美、加、澳大学心理咨询中心的鉴定标准及启示

该文介绍了国际心理咨询服务协会目前在美国、加拿大和澳大利亚所推行的大学心理咨询中心鉴定标准。该鉴定标准主要涉及心理咨询中心与大学社区的关系、心理咨询的作用和功能、心理咨询中心应遵循的伦理规范、心理咨询中心服务人员的资格与职责以及其它相关的指导原则。作者据此提出了对我国高校心理咨询工作的建议。     

Does psychopathology predict counseling duration?

Many university counseling centers have adopted case management policies in an effort to conserve limited resources. Fearing that students with more severe problems will consume too many clinical resources, many counseling centers have decided to refer such students to external agencies or providers for mental health services. However, this fear might be unwarranted because empirical research has not shown a substantial relationship between psychopathology and counseling duration. This investigation examined whether a new treatment-planning inventory, the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory, might be useful for better understanding the relationships between various problem areas and counseling duration. Participants were new clients (students and staff members) at a university counseling center in the southeastern USA. Professional staff members and graduate students in counselor education, clinical psychology, and clinical social work provided counseling services to the participants. Lower scores on several scales predicted counseling duration. In other words, clients with lower scores on these scales (representing less psychopathology) attended more counseling sessions than clients with greater psychopathology. Therapists' background also predicted counseling duration; clients who worked with either a professional staff member or graduate student in counselor education attended more sessions than clients who worked with a graduate student in clinical psychology. The results of this study, combined with previous research, suggest that measures of psychopathology are not very useful for identifying which clients will complete long-term counseling. Until better information becomes available, actuarial tables remain the most efficient means for predicting counseling duration.     

The University Counseling Center: An Agenda for the 1990s

Changes in higher education will hold special relevance for university counseling centers in the 1990s. Opportunities will exist for counseling center personnel to help institutions deal with some emerging problems. Research is reviewed that indicates that crisis management services, career development concerns, a changing student population, and issues related to retention all represent areas in which contemporary counseling centers could make significant contributions. Recommendations are made about how counseling centers might prepare themselves for such involvement.     

Counseling in a Nigerian University

This study describes and evaluates the first two years of a student counseling center in a Nigerian university. The study revealed that the counseling center was hampered by lack of space, lack of staff, and by the ignorance and suspicions of students and lecturers. The study also indicated that there was a great need to investigate various parameters of the counseling situation to determine their effects in the Nigerian milieu.     

Campus Responses to Dating Violence and Sexual Assault: Information from University Representatives

Universities have an obligation to provide student victims with services that are easily accessible. This study focused on the provision of sexual assault and dating violence services of large, public 4-year institutions, as reported by university representatives. The sample included security officers from 45 universities who completed phone interviews between February and May 2013. Phone interviews consisted of 15 open-ended questions. The findings point to highly variable practices and services offered across campuses. The services most frequently reported by university representatives include counseling and police services. The findings also suggest that public 4-year institutions not only offer varied levels of services, but such services might not be readily available to student victims. Although many representatives identified underserved groups and suggestions for improvement, a sizable portion did not acknowledge any. Further, university representatives did not distinguish between services provided for dating violence and sexual assault.     

Managing Demands on Counseling Services: The Colorado State University Experience

As we move into the next decade, greater student demands for counseling services, increased severity of presenting problems, and long waiting lists are becoming a reality at university and college counseling centers. These trends, coupled with limited financial resources, suggest that new models of case management and treatment are needed to maintain quality services. This article describes the development of a time-limited and managed-care treatment policy at the University Counseling Center at Colorado State University. It is offered as one agency's attempt to become more proactive in defining its responsibilities and limits regarding emerging challenges and changes on college campuses.     

The illusion of pre-enrollment counseling

Concern about attrition of college students has often led to recommendations that more counseling be supplied to entering freshmen. In the present study, student response to pre-enrollment counseling programs suggests that freshmen are able to consider only informational aspects of their entering status. The number of students requesting pre-enrollment counseling varied inversely with the amount of such information available outside of counseling conferences. As long as universities make it incumbent upon the student to adjust to the institution, the student who is not emotionally “bound” to attending a particular college will be seen as needing counseling although the opportunity for such counseling will be illusory. Institutional changes, as well as student changes, must be encouraged if the opportunity for counseling is to become a reality.     

One Approach to a Counseling and Spirituality Course

The authors describe the design of and student reaction to a counseling and spirituality course offered to full‐time resident counselor education students at the University of Virginia, a secular university. The course was offered as a blended Internet‐based and seminar course. The Internet components were the result of student feedback from previous distance Internet courses. Positive student reactions to both the content and the method were reported. The students viewed the Internet discussion of spiritual and religious issues as a positive feature of the course. Their most common suggestion was to have more seminar meetings to discuss the issues raised in required Internet postings.     

Follow-up of Dropouts From Developmental Programs: A Supplemental Program Evaluation Approach

A potentially useful program-evaluation approach obtains information from program dropouts. This method was applied to university students who dropped out of four developmental programs offered by a student counseling center. Of 44 students telephoned, 29 were successfully reached by student paraprofessionals using a structured interview format. The results contain general implications for developmental programming and provided useful input for three of the programs.     

A Course in Spiritual Dimensions of Counseling: Continuing the Discussion

The author adds to the limited literature on counselor education courses that are based on the spiritual aspects of counseling by identifying the need for such course work, comparing and contrasting 3 previously published articles on such courses, and introducing a 4th such course in detail. Novel aspects of this newly introduced course and student assessment of various course activities and assignments are highlighted. The article concludes with questions that suggest future research directions.     

A study of engagement and premature termination in a university counseling center

Differences between engaged (clients seen for at least two counseling sessions) and nonengaged clients, and between post-engaged premature terminators and clients who terminated with counselor knowledge at a university counseling center were investigated. Five practicum trainees, four professional counselors, and 308 college student clients participated. Professionals had higher rates of engagement and lower rates of premature termination than trainees. Engagement was positively associated with understanding and teaching the client and with longer intake interviews. Premature termination was associated with counselor attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness. These characteristics related to premature termination in opposite directions for professional and practicum counselors. Results are discussed in terms of possible different mechanisms operating at the beginning and end of counseling.     

exploring the relationship between intrapersonal intelligence and university students' career confusion: implications for counseling,academic success,and school‐to‐career transition

The author describes the relationship between self‐knowledge and career confusion among university students and discusses strategies to enhance career and academic planning. The multiple intelligences profiles of typical university students are compared with those of 82 students enrolled in 3 sequential semesters of a course titled Career Exploration at a large midwestern U.S. university. Low intrapersonal intelligence scores were found to be a significant characteristic of undergraduates with moderate and high levels of career confusion. Implications for counseling to promote successful school‐to‐career transitions are discussed.     

大学生心理健康教育教学模式的构建与实践研究

采用自然教学实验法,探索提高大学生心理健康水平的有效途径与教学模式。结果表明（1）开设心理健康教育课程并辅以心理咨询是眼下提高大学生心理健康水平的有效措施之一;（2）不同系科心理健康教育的效果不同,心理健康教育课程应根据学生的个别差异有针对性地进行;（3）大学生心理健康教育课程的教学模式为“面上集中释疑,线上互相解疑,点上个别辅导”。     

Physical Facilities for Elementary School Counseling

This article describes 3 desirable counseling centers for elementary schools with student populations of four to eight hundred. Adaptations for schools outside these population limits will readily be seen. 4 assumptions about the counseling setting are discussed: that it should (1) be attractive, (2) permit group as well as individual counseling, (3) encourage the use of play media in counseling, and (4) permit observation of counseling. Functional aspects of the counseling setting are presented in diagram and outline form. It is hoped that this presentation will encourage dialogue relative to the setting for elementary counseling, and that some direction may be found by those who are planning counseling offices or centers.     

Counselor conditions for self-exploration of college students

This study was designed to determine whether the counselor-offered conditions of empathy, respect, and genuineness promoted self-exploration in clients reporting voluntarily to a university counseling center. Twenty-seven male and 27 female undergraduates comprised the sample of clients; nine male doctoral student interns comprised the counselors. Clients were assigned to an educational, vocational, or personal-social problem category. The instruments used were the Truax Depth of Self-Exploration Scale and the Carkhuff scales of counselor conditions. Significant relationships were found between empathy, respect, and genuineness, and self-exploration in each problem category for counseling center clients of both sexes.     

A Long‐Term Study of the Counseling Needs of Turkish University Students

The author analyzed the gender, grade, sources of referral, and problem areas of 1,664 student‐clients who consulted a counseling center for individual counseling over an 11‐year period. The results showed that grade, sources of referral, and problem areas varied significantly over the years whereas gender did not. Students who consulted the center in recent years were mostly in their final year, came from all sources of referral, and had preexisting mental health concerns.     

Student physical symptoms and the social climate of college living groups

Student physical symptoms were related to the social climates of university living groups. A Physical Symptom Risk Scale, a new subscale of the University Residence Environment Scale, which relates consistently to physical symptom complaints for male, female, and coed living groups, was developed. Living groups characterized by high student physical symptoms were perceived by students as low in involvement and support, high in competition, and low in student influence. The results indicate that certain types of social environments may be "high risk" settings in that they support and possibly facilitate complaints of physical symptoms. These settings may be amenable to early "environmental diagnosis," preventive counseling, and change-oriented social systems intervention.     

Web‐Assisted Career Counseling

For the past 20 years counselors have used computer‐based career information systems to assist clients with career planning and job hunting. Much of the same this information is now available on the Internet and can be accessed without the aid of a counselor. Such developments are likely to have a major impact on employment counseling practices. This article outlines selected Web‐assisted counseling issues that are likely to affect counselors over the next few years and summarizes the career services currently available on the World Wide Web.     

Sexual Harassment: A Female Counseling Student's Experience

A counseling student describes her experience as a target of long-term, systematic harassment in the form of sexual seduction. The harassing professor was the student's practicum supervisor. The author recounts the effects of experiencing the harassment, confronting her harasser, and enduring an investigation. The events of the case demonstrate that sexualization of the professor-student relationship has a powerful potential to destroy trust, a fundamental element in the student's future profession. They also demonstrate that taking action can empower a student to resolve the experience for herself, gain strength from her actions, and move forward with her life.     

Taiwanese University Students' Conceptions of Counseling

The purpose of this study was to describe and discuss Taiwanese university students' conceptions of counseling. A qualitative method was used to analyze 60 in-depth interviews from 30 male and 30 female students at a national university in central Taiwan. Results indicated that Taiwanese university students recognized the importance of counseling services to students and citizens, even though most of them were unfamiliar with counseling. Thematic patterns emerged from Taiwanese university students' conceptions of counseling, which suggested implications for clinical practice, education, and research. Namely, accessibility, familiarity, credibility, and effectiveness of counselors seemed to enhance students' willingness to seek counseling. Results also suggested that counseling services should implement a combination of educational, preventive, and therapeutic functions.