Language skills of children during the first 12 months after stuttering onset

PurposeTo describe the language development in a sample of young children who stutter during the first 12 months after stuttering onset was reported.MethodsLanguage production was analysed in a sample of 66 children who stuttered (aged 2–4 years). The sample were identified from a pre-existing prospective, community based longitudinal cohort. Data were collected at three time points within the first year after stuttering onset. Stuttering severity was measured, and global indicators of expressive language proficiency (length of utterances and grammatical complexity) were derived from the samples and summarised. Language production abilities of the children who stutter were contrasted with normative data.ResultsThe majority of children’s stuttering was rated as mild in severity, with more than 83% of participants demonstrating very mild or mild stuttering at each of the time points studied. The participants demonstrated developmentally appropriate spoken language skills comparable with available normative data.ConclusionIn the first year following the report of stuttering onset, the language skills of the children who were stuttering progressed in a manner that is consistent with developmental expectations.     

学龄弱智儿童语言发展研究

本研究运用三项测试,考查了学龄弱智儿童语言发展状况。结果表明,弱智儿童语言发展过程和规律与正常儿童相似,并没有脱离正常儿童语言发展的一般模式,但他们语言发展速度极其缓慢,即使匹配了智龄,也远不如正常儿童,而且弱智儿童在语言运用上有其特点,与正常儿童有“质”的差异。     

初生到三岁儿童言语发展记录的初步分析

我们用纵向法对五个婴儿从初生到三岁这一期间的言语发展作了记录(采用录音和文字记录),其中三个男孩、两个女孩。但这五个婴儿的记录并不都全,有的缺某一个时期)。记录用两种方式:一种是隔一定时间(一周或更长些日子)作一次记录,每次约半小时。为了使儿童比较自然,不影响他们发音或说话,我们尽可能事先和儿童熟悉,而且一     

汉语语义记忆提取的初步研究

对汉语语义记忆的提取进行了两个实验。实验1是自由联想实验,从十三个句子中选出二十三个词作为刺激词。结果表明,以两词间所保持的常识关系来定义的语义距离,对预测自由联想的作业是有效的。实验2采用反应时技术,对真假命题判断及信息提取的时间进行了考查。实验结果与A.M.Collins等人的结果一致,说明了存储于网络不同水平上的句子其提取时间不同这一事实。结果还表明,在信息提取阶段上,汉字字形的作用不是一个重要的因素。     

转换功能对汉语口吃者语音编码的影响

采用双任务范式比较了16名口吃者和16名非口吃者在数字转换任务的同时重复双声词和叠韵词的时间和口吃频率,考察转换功能对于汉语口吃者语音编码的影响。结果表明,转换功能影响汉语口吃者的语音编码：口吃者和非口吃者加工叠韵词比加工双声词需要更多的转换功能。研究结果支持口吃的“内在修正假说”,对口吃的诊断和治疗有重要启示。     

关于超常儿童初步调查和追踪研究的几个问题

这篇对超常儿童的初步调查研究报告虽只是一种极为初步的探索结果,自然还很需要进一步验证和继续进行实验研究,但作为一项对一个重要问题的试行探究和所采用的探索途径则颇值得提倡。从这初步的探索中也可看出某些有希望有启发意义的苗头。故予以刊出以供国内心理学界评论和参考。     

Performance or capacity, the model still requires definitions and boundaries it doesn't have

Siegel is correct that, in its current form, the specific constructs underlying the Demands and Capacities Model cannot be adequately defined. However, substituting observable behavior (performance) for presumed underlying weaknesses in the speech production systems of those who stutter (capacity) does not appear to solve the problem of circularity identified. Rather, demands have not been adequately defined, either.

There is much to agree with in Siegel's note. However, it is not clear to me that the Demands and Capacities Model is salvaged by substituting the term “Performance” for “Capacity.” Rather, the problem with the Model is one of defining terms precisely enough so that the Model is not circular (as Ingham & Cordes (1997) have noted), or the logical inverse of Procruste's bed, as I have stated elsewhere (Bernstein Ratner, 1997), a model that fits all interpretations simply because it stretches to fit all possibilities.     

新生儿视觉分辨能力的研究

本研究的目的是用习惯化方法探讨新生儿视觉辨别能力的发展水平。一个由176名新生儿组成的样本在北京友谊医院随机取得。被试年龄在出生8分钟至13天之间。所有被试都是正常、健康的、处于觉醒状态的新生儿。实验材料是8张图片,其图案为:灰圆、红圆、黑色环形图、正常人脸、怪脸及3张黑白相间的栅条图形。这些图形随机配对组成10对,以作对比。实验结果表明:从出生起,新生儿就能对不同图案的图形进行视觉辨别;新生儿在一定程度上发展起颜色分辨的能力;两个图形,只在一个维度上相异时,较容易被新生儿辨别,新生儿的视觉分辨能力与其性别无显著相关。     

成人期基本认知能力的发展状况研究

从横向与纵向两种角度,通过比较、分析不同年龄的成人在五项认知测验上的成绩,考察了成人期几项基本认知能力的发展状况。横向比较表明,各项能力随年龄增长基本呈不断下降趋势,但下降的显著程度在不同项目或年龄组有不同表现。纵向分析显示,经过三年,在各项测验上成绩提高或保持稳定的人数占相当大的比例;除词汇理解外,成绩降低的人数百分比从６０岁或７０岁开始大幅度提升。     

A systematic review on the role of language-related factors in the manifestation of stuttering in bilinguals

PurposeBilingual(s) who stutter (BWS) provide an opportunity to explore the link between stuttering and language. Unlike in monolinguals, stuttering in bilinguals could be influenced by both speaker-related language (e.gs. dominance & proficiency) and linguistic typology-related factors (e.g., structure of languages). However, the available literature is largely inconclusive on these factors. In this context, we systematically reviewed the literature to compile evidence on the influence of such factors on BWS.MethodWe followed the conventional systematic review process that included five databases. Further, the quality of the included articles was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quality rating.ResultThirteen articles passed the selection criteria. Review of these articles revealed that language proficiency and dominance are the important factors that affect stuttering frequency in BWS. Though the linguistic typology is portrayed as a factor on the differential manifestation of dysfluencies in both languages of the BWS, the literature does not provide substantiating data for this. Further, the lack of uniformity in assessing and reporting language dominance and proficiency are the major drawbacks in the existing literature on stuttering in BWS.ConclusionThis review identifies proficiency and dominance as the major factors that influence the stuttering frequency in BWS. Currently, the evidence for the influence of typological differences between languages of the BWS on stuttering largely remains whimsical. Future research shall employ the recommended tasks and metrics while assessing the dysfluencies in BWS so that findings across centres become comparable, which in turn, could yield valid inferences.     

不同阅读水平儿童中央执行系统比较研究

本研究通过两部分实验探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童与正常儿童中央执行系统的容量差异和这种差异的性质。通过比较匹配生理年龄的不同阅读水平儿童在自定步速和固定步速的复杂阅读广度测验中的成绩,发现发展性阅读障碍儿童在两种阅读广度测验中都表现出中央执行系统容量的缺陷,这种缺陷既不能用加工效率理论,也不能用资源分配理论来解释,而符合一般容量假设。因此,本研究支持发展性阅读障碍儿童存在实时加工和存储信息的一般容量缺陷。     

INCREASING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

We evaluated the effects of monitoring responses on the acquisition of sight words with 3 children with autism. In the training condition, we taught participants a vocal imitation and matching response related to a peer's reading response. In another condition, participants were exposed only to a peer's reading responses. Participants read the words more accurately during test sessions when the monitoring response was required. Results and discussion highlight the importance of identifying component responses of observational learning and the need for additional research in this area.     

DEVELOPMENT OF SPONTANEOUS MANDING IN LANGUAGE DEFICIENT CHILDREN

Six institutionalized children, aged 7–11, with little or no spontaneous vocal manding, were trained to request food items under appropriate natural conditions when snacks were presented. “I want a” was appropriate when an adult presented food in the playroom. “Out” was appropriate when the items were displayed in the hallway, across a half-door barrier from the child. A sequence of steps was trained, through increasingly naturalistic setting and cuing conditions. The two mands were trained in sequence, not concurrently. To encourage “spontaneous” productions, no vocal cuing was provided by the adult. After criterion performance in each step, several probe sessions were conducted for various cuing conditions, adults, and settings. Probes after imitation training showed no spontaneous manding. Thus, failure of manding was not due to production difficulties. In probes after training for “approximately” natural cues, most children showed little transfer to the natural cues. This implies that training for the specific appropriate cues may often be required. However, good transfer generally occurred across persons, and from training room to playroom. Probes also showed that most children did not use one of the trained mands in the stimulus conditions that were appropriate for the other mand. Thus, adding a second mand did not generally disrupt use of the first. However, significant disruption occurred for two children. Finally, at the end of training, extinction training was given for one mand in one setting. Performance of the other mand was litle affected. In sum, the appropriate form of a mand depends on specific stimulus and setting characteristics, and these characteristics must be considered in training.     

关于幼儿对损人行为的道德判断及有关情绪预期的初步研究

以幼儿易于理解的有关享用财物的小故事,对４、５、６岁儿童作个别随访,综合考察其已获得的道德知识和道德认知的特点,以及相关情绪预期的情况。结果表明：１．幼儿已经获得了有关社会道德的最初步的知识,并能运用这些日常概念水平的知识对行为作道德判断,其道德认知已出现关心他人利益的成分,自我中心主义不突出;２．幼儿假设自己作为损人者的情绪预期与对故事中损人者的情绪预期之间存在明显差异,道德认知与道德情感脱节的现象在前者未有明显表现,却在后者中显现出来。     

SLCA III: A METATHEORETIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

Discourse analysis is a fundamental concern for the study of human communication, accessible through an analysis of language behavior. A theoretic basis is provided for eight variable classes identified by Syntactic Language Computer Analysis (SLCA-III). Numerous empirical studies support its utility as an indicator of perception and cognition. Issues are raised regarding the role of language research in communication. Emphasis is placed on treatment of language as a behavioral indicator of experience, fluctuating as a barometer of social roles, psychological states, communication disorders, and communication mode.     

小学儿童形象与語詞記忆特点的初步实驗研究

目的根据馬克思列宁主义反映论的观点,記忆过程和其他心理过程一样,是客观現实在人脑中的反映。客观現实的对象和現象对人的作用,不外是形象的与語詞的两种主要形式,因此,形象的东西利語詞的材料,就构成了記忆过程和其他心理过程反映的主要內容。形象的、語詞的材料,不仅是人的記忆的主要內容,而且从个体記忆的发展来看,形象     

3—7岁儿童理解类包含概念的初步研究——对皮亚杰类包含实验的初步意见

皮亚杰认为对类包含关系的理解,是判断儿童思惟是否达到守恒的一个标志。他认为学前儿童不能理解类包含概念,我们拟通过实验措施,观察启发教育对幼儿掌握类包含关系的作用。 我们还认为皮亚杰的类包含实验容易使儿童从数量上考虑,没有强调类与子类在性质上的从属关系,为此,我们另外设计了类包含实验及分类实验,以资和皮亚杰的结果作比较。     

ACQUISITION OF SIGN LANGUAGE BY AUTISTIC CHILDREN. I: EXPRESSIVE LABELLING

There has been growing interest in teaching sign language to autistic children who have failed to develop speech. However, controlled experimentation in this area is nonexistent. In the present study, four nonverbal autistic children were taught expressive sign labels for common objects, using a training procedure that consisted of prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of the procedure was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design across objects. The results were reliable, replicable across children, and generalizable across therapists. A stimulus control analysis demonstrated that, for three of the children, correct signing was controlled solely by the visual cues associated with the presentation of a given object and was independent of the auditory cues related to the same object. These latter results are discussed with respect to the known perceptual and linguistic deficits of autistic children.