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1.
Our objective was to explore metamemory in short-term memory across the lifespan. Five age groups participated in this study: 3 groups of children (4–13 years old), and younger and older adults. We used a three-phase task: prediction–span–postdiction. For prediction and postdiction phases, participants reported with a Yes/No response if they could recall in order a series of images. For the span task, they had to actually recall such series. From 4 years old, children have some ability to monitor their short-term memory and are able to adjust their prediction after experiencing the task. However, accuracy still improves significantly until adolescence. Although the older adults had a lower span, they were as accurate as young adults in their evaluation, suggesting that metamemory is unimpaired for short-term memory tasks in older adults.Highlights:?We investigate metamemory for short-term memory tasks across the lifespan.?We find younger children cannot accurately predict their span length.?Older adults are accurate in predicting their span length.?People’s metamemory accuracy was related to their short-term memory span. 相似文献
2.
This study examined the effects of sibship size and birth order on episodic memory performance in adulthood and old age. Participants
were 1,141 healthy individuals aged 35–80 years, who took part in a longitudinal project on age, health, and memory. Episodic
memory measurements over a 5-year interval included tests of recognition (recognition of faces, family names, first names,
and nouns) and tests of recall (free recall of sentences, free recall and cued recall of nouns, and recall of activities).
Results showed significant effects for both recall and recognition, that is, the smaller the sibship size is for an individual
and the earlier born, the better memory performance. These results demonstrate that the effects of sibship size and birth
order previously shown in children and adolescents (Belmont and Marolla, Science 182:1096–1101, 1973; Zajonc and Markus, Psych
Rev 82:74–88, 1975; Zajonc, Am Psychol 56:490–496, 2001) are robust over time and hold over a large adult range. 相似文献
3.
Sequence learning has notably been studied using the Hebb repetition paradigm (Hebb, 1961) and the serial reaction time (SRT) task (Nissen & Bullemer, Cognitive Psychology 19:1–32, 1987). These two paradigms produce robust learning effects but differ with regard to the role of awareness: Awareness does not
affect learning a repeated sequence in the Hebb repetition paradigm, as is evidenced by recall performance, whereas in the
SRT task, awareness helps to anticipate the location of the next stimulus. In this study, we examined the role of awareness
in anticipation and recall performance, using the Hebb repetition paradigm. Eye movements were monitored during a spatial
reconstruction task where participants had to memorize sequences of dot locations. One sequence was repeated every four trials.
Results showed that recall performance for the repeated sequence improved across repetitions for all participants but that
anticipation increased only for participants aware of the repetition. 相似文献
4.
Inoue and Matsuzawa (Curr Biol 17: R1004–R1005, 2007) showed that with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of
a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms on a computer
touch screen before being masked with white squares. None of nine humans working on the same task approached this level of
accuracy. Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) claimed this performance difference was evidence of a memorial capacity in young chimpanzees that was superior to that seen
in adult humans. While the between-species performance difference they report is apparent in their data, so too is a large
difference in practice on their task: Ayumu had many sessions of practice on their task before terminal performances were
measured; their human subjects had none. The present report shows that when two humans are given practice in the Inoue and
Matsuzawa (2007) memory task, their accuracy levels match those of Ayumu. 相似文献
5.
Three experiments are reported that addressed the nature of processing in working memory by investigating patterns of delayed
cued recall and free recall of items initially studied during complex and simple span tasks. In Experiment 1, items initially
studied during a complex span task (i.e., operation span) were more likely to be recalled after a delay in response to temporal–contextual
cues, relative to items from subspan and supraspan list lengths in a simple span task (i.e., word span). In Experiment 2,
items initially studied during operation span were more likely to be recalled from neighboring serial positions during delayed
free recall than were items studied during word span trials. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the number of attentional refreshing
opportunities strongly predicts episodic memory performance, regardless of whether the information is presented in a spaced
or massed format in a modified operation span task. The results indicate that the content–context bindings created during
complex span trials reflect attentional refreshing opportunities that are used to maintain items in working memory. 相似文献
6.
When participants are asked to recall lists of items in the reverse order, known as backward recall, several benchmark memory phenomena, such as the word length effect, are abolished (Bireta et al. Memory & Cognition 38:279–291,
2010). Bireta et al. (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) suggested that in backward recall, reliance on order retention is increased at the expense of item retention, leading to
the abolition of item-based phenomena. In a subsequent study, however, Guérard and Saint-Aubin (in press) showed that four lexical factors known to modulate item retention were unaffected by recall direction. In a series of five
experiments, we examined the source of the discrepancy between the two studies. We revisited the effects of phonological similarity,
word length, articulatory suppression, and irrelevant speech, using open and closed pools of words in backward and forward
recall. The results are unequivocal in showing that none of these effects are influenced by recall direction, suggesting that
Bireta et al.’s (Memory & Cognition 38:279–291, 2010) results are the consequence of their particular stimuli. 相似文献
7.
Speakers generally outperform signers when asked to recall a list of unrelated verbal items. This phenomenon is well established, but its source has remained unclear. In this study, we evaluate the relative contribution of the three main processing stages of short-term memory – perception, encoding, and recall – in this effect. The present study factorially manipulates whether American Sign Language (ASL) or English is used for perception, memory encoding, and recall in hearing ASL-English bilinguals. Results indicate that using ASL during both perception and encoding contributes to the serial span discrepancy. Interestingly, performing recall in ASL slightly increased span, ruling out the view that signing is in general a poor choice for short-term memory. These results suggest that despite the general equivalence of sign and speech in other memory domains, speech-based representations are better suited for the specific task of perception and memory encoding of a series of unrelated verbal items in serial order through the phonological loop. This work suggests that interpretation of performance on serial recall tasks in English may not translate straightforwardly to serial tasks in sign language. 相似文献
8.
Recent research has suggested that our memory systems are especially tuned to process information according to its survival
relevance, and that inducing problems of “ancestral priorities” faced by our ancestors should lead to optimal recall performance
(Nairne & Pandeirada, Cognitive Psychology,
2010). The present study investigated the specificity of this idea by comparing an ancestor-consistent scenario and a modern survival
scenario that involved threats that were encountered by human ancestors (e.g., predators) or threats from fictitious creatures
(i.e., zombies). Participants read one of four survival scenarios in which the environment and the explicit threat were either
consistent or inconsistent with ancestrally based problems (i.e., grasslands–predators, grasslands–zombies, city–attackers,
city–zombies), or they rated words for pleasantness. After rating words based on their survival relevance (or pleasantness),
the participants performed a free recall task. All survival scenarios led to better recall than did pleasantness ratings,
but recall was greater when zombies were the threat, as compared to predators or attackers. Recall did not differ for the
modern (i.e., city) and ancestral (i.e., grasslands) scenarios. These recall differences persisted when valence and arousal
ratings for the scenarios were statistically controlled as well. These data challenge the specificity of ancestral priorities
in survival-processing advantages in memory. 相似文献
9.
In two-choice decision tasks, Starns and Ratcliff (Psychology and Aging 25: 377–390, 2010) showed that older adults are farther from the optimal speed–accuracy trade-off than young adults. They suggested that the
age effect resulted from differences in task goals, with young participants focused on balancing speed and accuracy and older
participants focused on minimizing errors. We compared speed–accuracy criteria with a standard procedure (blocks that had
a fixed numbers of trials) to a condition in which blocks lasted a fixed amount of time and participants were instructed to
get as many correct responses as possible within the time limit—a goal that explicitly required balancing speed and accuracy.
Fits of the diffusion model showed that criteria differences persisted in the fixed-time condition, suggesting that age differences
are not solely based on differences in task goals. Also, both groups produced more conservative criteria in difficult conditions
when it would have been optimal to be more liberal. 相似文献
10.
Using data from a 2007 survey in Northern Ireland (representative sample, N = 1036), we replicate and extend the US-based findings of Lacey et al. (Journal of Happiness Studies 7:167–182, 2006). Consistent with Lacey et al., we find that young people mispredict happiness levels in old age, believing—wrongly—that
happiness declines with age. We explore the possible implications of this under-estimation of happiness in old age for the
risky health behaviours of young people. We find that young male binge drinkers are particularly prone to thinking that happiness
declines with age. 相似文献
11.
Priming Sentence Production in Adolescents and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyper-Activity Disorder
Paul E. Engelhardt Fernanda Ferreira Joel T. Nigg 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(7):995-1006
Theoretical accounts of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) posit a prominent role for problems in response inhibition
(Nigg 2006). A key avenue for impulsivity in children with ADHD is inappropriate language expression. In this study, we sought to determine
whether poor inhibitory control affects language production in adolescents and adults with ADHD. One hundred and ninety-five
participants (13–35 years old; 65% male) were presented with two pictures and a verb, and their task was to form a sentence.
If deficits in response inhibition affect language production, then participants with ADHD should be more likely than non-ADHD
controls to begin speaking before having formulated a plan that will allow a grammatical continuation. The results showed
that the ADHD-combined subtype, in particular, was more likely to produce an ungrammatical sequence. Effects were not moderated
by age or gender. These data suggest that response suppression deficits in ADHD adversely affect the basic processes of sentence
formation. 相似文献
12.
Castel AD Humphreys KL Lee SS Galván A Balota DA McCabe DP 《Developmental psychology》2011,47(6):1553-1564
Although attentional control and memory change considerably across the life span, no research has examined how the ability to strategically remember important information (i.e., value-directed remembering) changes from childhood to old age. The present study examined this in different age groups across the life span (N = 320, 5-96 years old). A selectivity task was used in which participants were asked to study and recall items worth different point values in order to maximize their point score. This procedure allowed for measures of memory quantity/capacity (number of words recalled) and memory efficiency/selectivity (the recall of high-value items relative to low-value items). Age-related differences were found for memory capacity, as young adults recalled more words than the other groups. However, in terms of selectivity, younger and older adults were more selective than adolescents and children. The dissociation between these measures across the life span illustrates important age-related differences in terms of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value information. 相似文献
13.
In two experiments, we examined the impact of the degree of match between sequential auditory perceptual organization processes
and the demands of a short-term memory task (memory for order vs. item information). When a spoken sequence of digits was
presented so as to promote its perceptual partitioning into two distinct streams by conveying it in alternating female (F)
and male (M) voices (FMFMFMFM)—thereby disturbing the perception of true temporal order—recall of item order was greatly impaired
(as compared to recall of item identity). Moreover, an order error type consistent with the formation of voice-based streams
was committed more quickly in the alternating-voice condition (Exp. 1). In contrast, when the perceptual organization of the
sequence mapped well onto an optimal two-group serial rehearsal strategy—by presenting the two voices in discrete clusters
(FFFFMMMM)—order, but not item, recall was enhanced (Exp. 2). The results are consistent with the view that the degree of
compatibility between perceptual and deliberate sequencing processes is a key determinant of serial short-term memory performance.
Alternative accounts of talker variability effects in short-term memory, based on the concept of a dedicated phonological
short-term store and a capacity-limited focus of attention, are also reviewed. 相似文献
14.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting subscores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional
item response theory (MIRT) models (e.g., Reckase in Appl. Psychol. Meas. 21:25–36, 1997; C.R. Rao and S. Sinharay (Eds), Handbook of Statistics, vol. 26, pp. 607–642, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2007; Beguin & Glas in Psychometrika, 66:471–488, 2001). A MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton–Raphson algorithm (Haberman in The Analysis of Frequency Data, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974; Sociol. Methodol. 18:193–211, 1988) with adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee in ETS Research Rep. No. RR-08-45, ETS, Princeton, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (i) the
total score or (ii) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman in J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:204–229, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan in Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 62:79–95, 2008). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT
are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory. 相似文献
15.
The view that successful memory performance depends importantly on the extent to which there is a match between the encoding
and retrieval conditions is commonplace in memory research. However, Nairne (Memory, 10, 389–395, 2002) proposed that this idea about trace–cue compatibility being the driving force behind memory retention is a myth, because
one cannot make unequivocal predictions about performance by appealing to the encoding–retrieval match. What matters instead
is the relative diagnostic value of the match, and not the absolute match. Three experiments were carried out in which participants
memorised word pairs and tried to recall target words when given retrieval cues. The diagnostic value of the cue was varied
by manipulating the extent to which the cues subsumed other memorised words and the level of the encoding–retrieval match.
The results supported Nairne’s (Memory, 10, 389–395, 2002) assertion that the diagnostic value of retrieval cues is a better predictor of memory performance than the absolute encoding–retrieval
match. 相似文献
16.
Recent work by Hupbach, Gomez, Hardt, and Nadel (Learning & Memory, 14, 47–53, 2007) and Hupbach, Gomez, and Nadel (Memory, 17, 502–510, 2009) suggests that episodic memory for a previously studied list can be updated to include new items, if participants are reminded
of the earlier list just prior to learning a new list. The key finding from the Hupbach studies was an asymmetric pattern
of intrusions, whereby participants intruded numerous items from the second list when trying to recall the first list, but
not viceversa. Hupbach et al. (2007; 2009) explained this pattern in terms of a cellular reconsolidation process, whereby first-list memory is rendered labile by the
reminder and the labile memory is then updated to include items from the second list. Here, we show that the temporal context
model of memory, which lacks a cellular reconsolidation process, can account for the asymmetric intrusion effect, using well-established
principles of contextual reinstatement and item–context binding. 相似文献
17.
H. Sauzéon C. Raboutet J. Rodrigues S. Langevin M. A. Schelstraete P. Feyereisen M. Hupet B. N’Kaoua 《Journal of Adult Development》2011,18(3):144-154
The aim of this study was to determine whether verbal knowledge can compensate for the age-related decline in word production
during a fluency test. We assessed the performance of 20 young and 20 old subjects in standard letter and semantic fluency
tasks over time (T1: 0–30 s vs. T2: 31–60 s). The number of words produced, switching, and clustering components (Troyer et
al. Neuropsychology, 11(1): 138–146, 1997) were investigated. Correlations between age and cognitive factors (processing speed, executive functions, and vocabulary
level) were analyzed. The results revealed a knowledge compensation mechanism in elderly subjects, but only in letter fluency
productions. It only occurred during the second period and was related to an increase in the clustering component and a positive
correlation between age and vocabulary level. The differences between letter and semantic fluency performances are discussed
in terms of the nature of the non-semantic and semantic components involved in these tasks. 相似文献
18.
The change detection paradigm has become an important tool for researchers studying working memory. Change detection is especially
useful for studying visual working memory, because recall paradigms are difficult to employ in the visual modality. Pashler
(Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 369–378, 1988) and Cowan (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–114, 2001) suggested formulas for estimating working memory capacity from change detection data. Although these formulas have become
widely used, Morey (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 55, 8–24, 2011) showed that the formulas suffer from a number of issues, including inefficient use of information, bias, volatility, uninterpretable
parameter estimates, and violation of ANOVA assumptions. Morey presented a hierarchical Bayesian extension of Pashler’s and
Cowan’s basic models that mitigates these issues. Here, we present WoMMBAT (Working Memory Modeling using Bayesian Analysis
Techniques) software for fitting Morey’s model to data. WoMMBAT has a graphical user interface, is freely available, and is
cross-platform, running on Windows, Linux, and Mac operating systems. 相似文献
19.
Reinwein J 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2012,41(1):1-32
The modality effect is a central issue in multimedia learning [see Mayer (Cambridge University Press, 2005a), for a review]. Sweller’s Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), for example, presumes that an illustrated text is better understood
when presented visually rather than orally. The predictive power of CLT lies in how it links in to Baddeley’s (1986) model of working memory and Penney’s (Mem Cognit 17:398–442, 1989) Separate-Streams Hypothesis. Ginns’s (Learn Instr 4:313–331, 2005) recent meta-analysis also supports the modality effect (d = 0.72, based on 43 independent effects). This article replicates the meta-analysis of the modality effect based on 86 independent
effects (with within-study subgroups as the unit of analysis and with mean of the outcomes as the dependent measure), with results showing a reduction of the overall effect size by almost half (d = 0.38), and even more when Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Fill method is used to correct publication bias (d = 0.20). This article also widens the scope of the analysis of moderator variables (e.g. Pace of presentation, Type of visualization,
Research group) as well as their potentially confounded effects. Finally, it is argued that, for theoretical reasons, the
so-called modality effect cannot be based on Penney’s or Baddeley’s theories and must be explained in a different way. 相似文献
20.
Two immediate serial recall experiments were conducted to test the associative-link hypothesis (Stuart & Hulme, 2000). We manipulated interitem association by varying the intralist latent semantic analysis (LSA) cosines in our 7-item study word lists, each of which consists of high- or low-frequency words in Experiment 1 and high- or low-imageability words in Experiment 2. Whether item recall performance was scored by a serial-recall or free-recall criterion, we found main effects of interitem association, word imageability, and word frequency. The effect of interitem association also interacted with the word frequency effect, but not with the word imageability effect. The LSA-cosine×word frequency interaction occurred in the recency, but not primacy, portion of the serial position curve. The present findings set explanatory boundaries for the associative-link hypothesis and we argue that both item- and associative-based mechanisms are necessary to account for the word frequency effect in immediate serial recall. 相似文献