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1.
Jacqueline A. Sullivan 《Synthese》2010,177(2):151-164
The Morris water maze has been put forward in the philosophy of neuroscience as an example of an experimental arrangement
that may be used to delineate the cognitive faculty of spatial memory (e.g., Craver and Darden, Theory and method in the neurosciences,
University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2001; Craver, Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007). However, in the experimental and review literature on the water maze throughout the history of its use, we encounter numerous
responses to the question of “what” phenomenon it circumscribes ranging from cognitive functions (e.g., “spatial learning”,
“spatial navigation”), to representational changes (e.g., “cognitive map formation”) to terms that appear to refer exclusively
to observable changes in behavior (e.g., “water maze performance”). To date philosophical analyses of the water maze have
not been directed at sorting out what phenomenon the device delineates nor the sources of the different answers to the question
of what. I undertake both of these tasks in this paper. I begin with an analysis of Morris’s first published research study
using the water maze and demonstrate that he emerged from it with an experimental learning paradigm that at best circumscribed
a discrete set of observable changes in behavior. However, it delineated neither a discrete set of representational changes
nor a discrete cognitive function. I cite this in combination with a reductionist-oriented research agenda in cellular and
molecular neurobiology dating back to the 1980s as two sources of the lack of consistency across the history of the experimental
and review literature as to what is under study in the water maze. 相似文献
2.
Peter Mittelstaedt 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(1):45-53
In modern physics, the constant “c” plays a twofold role. On the one hand, “c” is the well known velocity of light in an empty
Minkowskian space–time, on the other hand “c” is a characteristic number of Special Relativity that governs the Lorentz transformation
and its consequences for the measurements of space–time intervals. We ask for the interrelations between these two, at first
sight different meanings of “c”. The conjecture that the value of “c” has any influence on the structure of space–time is
based on the operational interpretation of Special Relativity, which uses light rays for measurements of space–time intervals.
We do not follow this way of reasoning but replace it by a more realistic approach that allows to show that the structure
of the Minkowskian space–time can be reconstructed already on the basis of a restricted classical ontology (Mittelstaedt,
Philosophie der Physik und der Raum-Zeit, Mannheim: BI-Wissenschaftsverlag, 1988 and Mittelstaedt, Kaltblütig: Philosophie von einem rationalen Standpunkt, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag, pp. 221–240, 2003), and that without any reference to the propagation of light. However, the space–time obtained in this way contains still
an unknown constant. We show that this constant agrees numerically with “c” but that it must conceptually clearly be distinguished
from the velocity of light. Hence, we argue for a clear distinction between the two faces of “c” and for a dualism of space–time
and matter. 相似文献
3.
Hypothesis-testing performance on Wason’s (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129–140, 1960) 2–4–6 task is typically poor, with only around 20% of participants announcing the to-be-discovered “ascending numbers” rule
on their first attempt. Enhanced solution rates can, however, readily be observed with dual-goal (DG) task variants requiring
the discovery of two complementary rules, one labeled “DAX” (the standard “ascending numbers” rule) and the other labeled
“MED” (“any other number triples”). Two DG experiments are reported in which we manipulated the usefulness of a presented MED exemplar, where usefulness denotes cues that can establish a helpful “contrast class” that can stand in opposition to the presented 2–4–6 DAX exemplar.
The usefulness of MED exemplars had a striking facilitatory effect on DAX rule discovery, which supports the importance of
contrast-class information in hypothesis testing. A third experiment ruled out the possibility that the useful MED triple
seeded the correct rule from the outset and obviated any need for hypothesis testing. We propose that an extension of Oaksford
and Chater’s (European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6:149–169, 1994) iterative counterfactual model can neatly capture the mechanisms by which DG facilitation arises. 相似文献
4.
Michael Devitt 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(2):251-264
In “Intuitions in Linguistics” (2006a) and Ignorance of Language (2006b) I took it to be Chomskian orthodoxy that a speaker’s metalinguistic intuitions are provided by her linguistic competence.
I argued against this view in favor of the alternative that the intuitions are empirical theory-laden central-processor responses
to linguistic phenomena. The concern about these linguistic intuitions arises from their apparent role as evidence for a grammar.
Mark Textor, “Devitt on the Epistemic Authority of Linguistic Intuitions” (2009), argues that I have picked the wrong intuitions: I should have picked non-judgmental linguistic “seemings”. These reside
between metalinguistic judgments and linguistic performances and have an epistemic authority that the orthodox view may well
be able to explain. Textor seems to think that the metalinguistic intuitions are not evidence at all. I argue that he is wrong
about that. More importantly, I argue that there are no “in-between” linguistic seemings with epistemic authority. 相似文献
5.
We look into the transformation of meanings in psychotherapy and suggest a clinical application for Wittgenstein’s intuitions
concerning the role of linguistic practices in generating significance. In post-modern theory, therapy does not necessarily
change reality as much as it does our way of experiencing it by intervening in the linguistic-representational rules responsible
for constructing the text which expresses the problem. Since “states of mind assume the truths and forms of the language devices
that we use to represent them” (Foucault, 1963, p. 57), therapy may be intended as a narrative path toward a new naming of one’s reified experiences. The clinical problem
we consider here, the pervasive feeling of inadequacy due to one’s excessive height (dysmorphophobia), is an excellent example
of “language game” by which a “perspicuous representation” (the “therapy” proposed by Wittgenstein in the 1953) may bring out alternatives to linguistically-built “traps”, putting the blocked semiotic mechanism back into motion. 相似文献
6.
Fred Dallmayr 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(3):189-204
During the last few years two major volumes have been published, both greatly revised versions of earlier Gifford Lectures: Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age (2007) and Raimon Panikkar’s The Rhythm of Being (2010). The two volumes are similar in some respects and very dissimilar in others. Both thinkers complain about the glaring blemishes of the modern, especially the contemporary age; both deplore above all a certain deficit of religiosity. The two authors differ, however, both in the details of their diagnosis and in their proposed remedies. Taylor views the modern age—styled as “secular age”—as marked by a slide into secular agnosticism, into “exclusive humanism”, and above all into an “immanent frame” excluding theistic “transcendence”. Although sharing the concern about “loss of meaning”, Panikkar does not find its source in the abandonment of (mono)theistic transcendence; on the contrary, both radical transcendence and agnostic immanence are responsible for the deficit of genuine faith. For him, recovery of faith requires an acknowledgment of our being in the world, as part of the “rhythm of being” happening in a holistic or “cosmotheandric” mode. In classical Indian terminology, while Taylor’s emphasis on the transcendence-immanence tension reflects ultimately a dualistic perspective (dvaita), Panikkar’s holistic notion of the rhythm of being captures the core of Advaita Vendanta. 相似文献
7.
Matthew C. Haug 《Philosophical Studies》2010,150(3):313-330
Several philosophers (e.g., Ehring (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 30:461–480, 1996); Funkhouser (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 40:548–569, 2006); Walter (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37:217–244, 2007) have argued that there are metaphysical differences between the determinable-determinate relation and the realization relation
between mental and physical properties. Others have challenged this claim (e.g., Wilson (Philosophical Studies, 2009). In this paper, I argue that there are indeed such differences and propose a “mechanistic” account of realization that elucidates
why these differences hold. This account of realization incorporates two distinct roles that mechanisms play in the realization
of mental (and other special science) properties which are implicit, but undeveloped, in the literature—what I call “constitutive”
and “integrative” mechanisms. I then use these two notions of mechanism to clarify some debates about the relations between
realization, multiple realizability, and irreducibility. 相似文献
8.
Quantum logic as a dynamic logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We address the old question whether a logical understanding of Quantum Mechanics requires abandoning some of the principles
of classical logic. Against Putnam and others (Among whom we may count or not E. W. Beth, depending on how we interpret some
of his statements), our answer is a clear “no”. Philosophically, our argument is based on combining a formal semantic approach, in the spirit of E. W. Beth’s proposal of applying Tarski’s semantical methods to the analysis of physical theories,
with an empirical–experimental approach to Logic, as advocated by both Beth and Putnam, but understood by us in the view of the operational- realistic tradition of Jauch and Piron, i.e. as an investigation of “the logic of yes–no experiments” (or “questions”). Technically, we use the
recently-developed setting of Quantum Dynamic Logic (Baltag and Smets 2005, 2008) to make explicit the operational meaning of quantum-mechanical concepts in our formal semantics. Based on our recent results
(Baltag and Smets 2005), we show that the correct interpretation of quantum-logical connectives is dynamical, rather than purely propositional. We conclude that there is no contradiction between classical logic and (our dynamic reinterpretation
of) quantum logic. Moreover, we argue that the Dynamic-Logical perspective leads to a better and deeper understanding of the
“non-classicality” of quantum behavior than any perspective based on static Propositional Logic. 相似文献
9.
Peter B. M. Vranas 《Philosophical Studies》2010,150(1):115-121
Kadri Vihvelin, in “What time travelers cannot do” (Philos Stud 81:315–330, 1996), argued that “no time traveler can kill the baby who in fact is her younger self”, because (V1) “if someone would fail to
do something, no matter how hard or how many times she tried, then she cannot do it”, and (V2) if a time traveler tried to
kill her baby self, she would always fail. Theodore Sider (Philos Stud 110:115–138, 2002) criticized Vihvelin’s argument, and Ira Kiourti (Philos Stud 139:343–352, 2008) criticized both Vihvelin’s argument and Sider’s critique. I present a critique of Vihvelin’s argument different from both
Sider’s and Kiourti’s critiques: I argue in a novel way that both V1 and V2 are false. Since Vihvelin’s argument might be
understood as providing a challenge to the possibility of time travel, if my critique succeeds then time travel survives such
a challenge unscathed. 相似文献
10.
Lisa Weems 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(6):557-568
In this article, I discuss how the space of the classroom is a contested object that is constituted by historical, cultural,
political, social, psychological, and discursive practices (Lefebvre in The production of space, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1991). I then employ Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of “assemblage” to characterize the ways in which educational spaces cohere
“content and affect” quoted in Puar (Terrorist assemblages: Homonationalism in queer times, Duke University Press, Durham,
2007, 193) into discursive figures of the heteronormative and racialized national “family.” Finally, I argue that in order to
advance contemporary theorizing on safe space we might consider shifting the metaphor of the classroom (and/or schooling)
as a situation of home (in loco parentis) to that of a metaphor of camp. As a discursive practice, “camp” is like “home” in
that it has multiple associations of past histories. However, the advantage of the metaphor of classroom as camp allows for
a more capacious range of past histories of association, from recreation to temporary inhabitation to forced relocation, thus
foregrounding the innate political implications of theorizing space. Moreover, the metaphor of camp implies transience (whether
real or imaginary) while keeping in mind the partial and situated nature of particular places and spaces. Foregrounding the
transient component/feature of safe space allows us to make visible and explore the possibilities and limitations of conceptualizing
relations of power as circuitous, contested and performative through competing claims to particular places as objects of safety. 相似文献
11.
Conley SN 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):715-721
This commentary builds on Haico te Kulve and Arie Rip’s (2011) notion of “engagement agents,” individuals that must be able to move between multiple dimensions, or “levels” of research,
innovation, and policy processes. The commentary compares and contrasts the role of the engagement agent within the Constructive
Technology Assessment and integration approaches, and suggests that on-site integration research represents one way to transform
both social and natural scientists into competent and informed “engagement agents,” a new generation of researchers that possess
the knowledge and capacities to forge “novel linkages” between the oftentimes disparate terrains of science, politics, and
policy. 相似文献
12.
Carol L. Schnabl Schweitzer 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(3):311-321
This article examines the power of music to help transform suffering. It draws on insights from the work of music theorist
David Schwarz (1997) that bridges psychoanalysis, music, and culture; and from Daniel Levitin’s (2008) work on music and human nature, especially as it pertains to religion, ritual and songs. Schwarz describes listening to
music as a process of retrospective fantasy and as a type of transference experience. If how we listen to music is shaped
by traces of past experiences, then music as a resource in pastoral care has the potential to assist ministers in the process
of guiding their parishioners to re-trace painful experiences in ways that “re-sound” with thoughts and feelings which have
become an impediment to healing. A “case study” in which the author was a “player” (or more accurately performer) is briefly
examined, and the role of music in the lives of Steve Lopez and Nathaniel Ayers (Lopez 2008) is explored to demonstrate how music—specifically religious music or song associated with religious ritual—is an overlooked
resource for pastoral care. The article concludes with an illustration of how individuals’ personal associations with a hymn
may have implications for pastoral care. 相似文献
13.
Carol L. Schnabl Schweitzer 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(6):829-842
This article examines some of the basic psychodynamic understandings of forgiveness including forgiveness as aesthetic, ahistorical,
tact, or the ability to for-give that Julia Kristeva (1995, 1989, 1987a, b) presents in her writings on depression and melancholia, analytic process and technique, and love and faith. These are supplemented
by more recent examinations of forgiveness in the therapeutic community (Worthington 1998; Watts and Gulliford 2004; McCullough et al. 2000) as they relate to Christian belief, Christian practice and pastoral care. I argue that it is in the context of a caring
relationship where and when individuals experience “for-giving” that they develop the ability to accept forgiveness (especially
of the self) and thus become individuals who can extend forgiveness to others. Even those entering pastoral ministry who have
no desire or little ability to engage in pastoral counseling will be served well if their own abilities to be “for-giving”
are cultivated during their theological education. Thus, the application of “for-giving” extends far beyond the analytic process
or technique that Kristeva envisions to include pastoral identity formation and pastoral ministry. 相似文献
14.
Rhesus monkeys are known to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual and cognitive decisions by using a betting
procedure (Son and Kornell in The missing link in cognition: origins of self-reflective consciousness. Oxford University Press,
New York, pp 296–320, 2005; Kornell et al. in Psychol Sci 18:64–71, 2007). In this report, we examined whether this ability is shared in two avian species (pigeons and bantams) in order to know
how widespread this metacognitive ability is among animals. We trained pigeons and bantams to search for a differently colored
disk (target) among others (distracters) displayed on a touch-sensitive monitor. In test, the subjects were required to choose
one of two confidence icons, “risk” and “safe”, after the visual search. A peck at the “risk” icon after a correct response
in the visual search (i.e., a peck at the target) was reinforced by food and light, while that after an incorrect response
(i.e., a peck at a distracter) resulted in a timeout. A peck at the “safe” icon was always reinforced by food and light, or
by light only, regardless of the visual search result. The percentages of “safe” choices after incorrect responses were higher
than after correct responses in all six pigeons and two of three bantams. This behavior generalized to novel stimuli in some
subjects, and even to a novel line-classification task in a pigeon. These results suggest that these two distantly related
avian species have in common a metacognitive ability that allows them to recognize confidence about their immediate perceptual
decisions. 相似文献
15.
Steven R. H. Beach Nader Amir 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2006,28(3):169-176
Using the Sample-specific simulation method proposed by J. Ruscio, A. M. Ruscio, and T. M. Keane (2004), the S. R. H. Beach and N. Amir (2003) data are re-analyzed. The results for the MAXEIG and MAMBAC procedures are compared across simulated dimensional, simulated taxonic, and original distributions. The comparison indicates that depression is taxonic in the S. R. H. Beach and N. Amir (2003) sample but has a lower base (.06) than previously reported. This result indicates the need to use a relatively high cut point on total Beck Depression Inventory (i.e., BDI>21; A. T. Beck, 1978) when creating groups using the BDI. That is, the data support the presence of a discontinuity between “depressed” and “nondepressed” undergraduates at a relatively high level of depressive symptomatology. At the same time, it is noted that researchers should remain cautious about the interpretation of taxometric procedures used with low base rate taxa until they have been further investigated using Monte Carlo simulations.
相似文献
Steven R. H. BeachEmail: |
16.
Philip J. Rosenbaum 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(4):370-380
Deception is presented as a “design to defeat a design” (Thompson 1986, p 64) where one actor purposefully changes the environment with the intention on generating a less adaptive response from
another actor. The shared context combined with the indeterminacy of meanings makes deception not only possible, but also
an important strategy for adaptation. In this regard not all deception temporarily causes individuals to reorganize their
meaning making hierarchy around the changes made by the other party. Different uses of deceptions are explored with regards
to adolescent sexual conduct, as their complex and quickly changing representations necessitate social recognition and adaptation. 相似文献
17.
Isidora Stojanovic 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(1):49-58
It has been long known (Perry in Philos Rev 86: 474–497, 1977; No?s 13: 3–21, 1979, Lewis in Philos Rev 88: 513–543 1981) that de se attitudes, such as beliefs and desires that one has about oneself, call for a special treatment in theories of attitudinal content. The aim of this paper is to raise similar concerns for
theories of asserted content. The received view, inherited from Kaplan (1989), has it that if Alma says “I am hungry,” the asserted content, or what is said, is the proposition that Alma is hungry (at a given time). I argue that the received view has difficulties handling de se assertion, i.e., contents that one expresses using the first person pronoun, to assert something about oneself. I start from
the observation that when two speakers say “I am hungry,” one may truly report them as having said the same thing. It has
often been held that the possibility of such reports comes from the fact that the two speakers are, after all, uttering the
same words, and are in this sense “saying the same thing”. I argue that this approach fails, and that it is neither necessary
nor sufficient to use the same words, or words endowed with the same meaning, in order to be truly reported as same-saying.
I also argue that reports of same-saying in the case of de se assertion differ significantly from such reports in the case of two speakers merely implicating the same thing. 相似文献
18.
K. Samuel Lee 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,54(4):289-311
The author incorporates empirical methodology and cross-cultural psychology literature to propose a new paradigm for Korean American cultural identification. He explains cultural identification as a cultural process construct that has important bearing on how successfully or unsuccessfully minority persons may function in the U.S. The construct of bicultural orthogonal identification was applied toward the development of a bilingual 4-item Korean American Cultural Identification Scale (KACIA). A random sample of 80 from a larger national pool of 1,141 Korean Americans was used to develop the scale. Findings support the orthogonality of bicultural identifications and good validity and reliability for the KACIA. The author argues for complimentary dualism over conflicting dualism and the orientation of “both/and” over “either/or” as a strategy for doing pastoral practice and theology.Parts of this article appeared elsewhere in different versions and they are modified and used here with permission from the respective publishers (see Lee, 1994, 1995, 2004a). 相似文献
19.
Jack Vromen 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(3):365-383
Abell, Felin and Foss argue that “macro-explanations” in strategic management, explanations in which organizational routines
figure prominently and in which both the explanandum and explanans are at the macro-level, are necessarily incomplete. They take a diagram (which has the form of a trapezoid) from Coleman,
Foundations of Social Theory, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.)/London, (1990) to task to show that causal chains connecting two macro-phenomena always involve “macro-to-micro” and “micro-to-macro” links,
links that macro-explanations allegedly fail to recognize. Their plea for micro-foundations in strategic management is meant
to shed light on these “missing links”. The paper argues that while there are good reasons for providing micro-foundations,
Abell, Felin and Foss’s causal incompleteness argument is not one of them. Their argument does not sufficiently distinguish
between causal and constitutive relations. Once these relations are carefully distinguished, it follows that Coleman’s diagram
has to be squared. This in turn allows us to see that macro-explanations need not be incomplete. 相似文献
20.
This article examines the common-sense and methodical ways in which “the citizen” is produced and enrolled as an active participant
in “sustainable” regional planning. Using Membership Categorization Analysis, we explicate how the categorization procedures
in the Foreword of a draft regional planning policy interactionally produce the identity of “the citizen” and “civic values
and obligations” in relation to geographic place and institutional categories. Furthermore, we show how positioning practices
establish a relationship between authors (government) and readers (citizens) where both are ascribed with the same moral values
and obligations toward the region. Hence, “the citizen” as an active participant in “sustainable” regional planning is viewed
as a practical accomplishment that is underpinned by a normative morality associated with the task of producing orderliness
in “text-in-interaction.”
相似文献
Barbara AdkinsEmail: |