早期经验对繁衍策略形成与发展的影响

很多发展心理学家探讨了早期经验与心理行为发展的关系,但这些发展心理学家较少以进化理论为指导来探讨不同发展阶段的心理行为特点。比如,配偶选择、性交往与父母教养等成果颇丰的研究领域均缺少以进化理论为基础的理论解释。与主流的发展心理学研究不同,Draper和Harpending (1982),Ellis (2004),Chisholm (1996) 和Belsky等(1991)以进化理论为基础探讨了早期经验与繁衍策略对儿童心理行为发展的影响。进化观点认为儿童在家庭中获得的早期经验会影响身体发育与未来的繁衍策略。Ellis（2004）已经证实女性青春期确实与早期家庭经验有关     

进化心理学视角下的两性冲突与缓和

进化心理学观点认为两性冲突是一个性别达到最佳适应的过程被另一个性别所阻碍,其根本原因是两性繁衍成功的根本进化利益存在冲突。从进化心理学的角度,根据两性敌对性选择理论,两性冲突可以分为基因座内的两性冲突与基因座间的两性冲突,前者可由性选择理论解释,后者涉及到两性的适应与反适应以及在军备竞赛中的协同进化。而两性冲突缓和则可以由费舍尔模型与基因复制理论、性别二态性和一夫一妻制度解释。两性冲突及缓和也分别具有进化心理学的相关实证依据支持。未来两性冲突领域的研究需要提升研究方法的客观性及两性冲突特质的多样性,并关注两性冲突缓和的现实有效途径以及婚配制度与评估方式对繁衍成功的交互作用。     

个体智力与人格的差异:进化遗传学的视角

进化遗传学是现代遗传学的主要研究领域之一。文章首先对进化遗传学研究的理论基础及早期重要的研究进行回顾及简要介绍。进而着重阐述了当前该领域的三种主要进化遗传机制模型,选择中立机制、突变——选择平衡机制以及平衡选择机制,对个体智力差异和人格差异的解释,并列举一系列实证研究证据。最后本文探讨了进化遗传学研究对于解释个体心理差异的贡献与不足。     

抑郁症起源的三类理论视角

生物医学取向下的抑郁症研究多着重探究具体的致病基因和神经病理机制,致力于对抑郁症的直接致病原因进行解释和干预。关于抑郁症起源的理论医学研究则以基于实证结果的理论推导为基本方式,力图从终极意义上探讨抑郁症的历史原因。这些理论视角基本可归为三类:进化适应视角认为抑郁症起源于应对进化压力的适应机制,主要体现为社会性适应假说和个体性适应假说;功能失调视角认为抑郁症起源于正常心境和情绪功能的失调,主要体现为错配解释和基因分布解释;社会文化视角则认为抑郁症起源于社会文化的建构,主要体现为社会文化建构观点和知识发展观点。三种理论观点下的抑郁症在内涵和本质上存在本质主义和建构主义的不同倾向,如何发展出更具综合性的解释框架还有待理论整合和实证依据。     

从进化心理学的角度浅析男女择偶观

男女择偶观的差异一直以来是心理学的重要研究课题之一。在过去的研究中,进化心理学家从不同的角度对男女择偶的行为和差异做了较为深入的探讨和解释,最为大家所熟知的就是Buss等人提出的亲代投资理论、性策略模型、好基因模型和二元模型等等,本文的研究目的在之前的研究理论基础之上进一步从进化心理学的角度探讨男女择偶观的差异及其行为解释,具有一定的理论意义。     

危机情景下的亲社会行为：求偶动机对危机救助意愿的影响

危机救助指冒着生命危险去保护和拯救他人,这种行为多见于男性,但无法用进化论的个体选择观点解释。本研究基于进化心理学中代价信号理论,探索启动求偶动机对个体在危机情境下的冒险救助意愿的影响。结果表明,启动择偶动机会导致男性的危机救助意愿上升;而女性的危机救助意愿则在启动择偶动机后下降。这一结果支持如下观点：男性在危机情境下冒险救助的行为是一种代价信号行为,具有为吸引异性这一目标服务的功能。     

危机情境下的亲社会行为:求偶动机对危机救助意愿的影响

危机救助指冒着生命危险去保护和拯救他人,这种行为多见于男性,但无法用进化论的个体选择观点解释。本研究基于进化心理学中代价信号理论,探索启动求偶动机对个体在危机情境下的冒险救助意愿的影响。结果表明,启动择偶动机会导致男性的危机救助意愿上升;而女性的危机救助意愿则在启动择偶动机后下降。这一结果支持如下观点:男性在危机情境下冒险救助的行为是一种代价信号行为,具有为吸引异性这一目标服务的功能。     

应对及应对方式研究综述

1　关于应对的主要理论观点1.1　心理防御机制的观点该观点源于弗洛伊德的自我防卫机制理论 ,认为个体面临应激性事件时会无意识地运用否认、压抑、投射、升华等防御机制来应对问题。这一观点为应对指明了无意识层面上的研究方向。目前 ,应对领域研究的防御机制已不再是弗洛伊德意义的概念 ,而是更倾向于强调个体对环境、社会的适应性应对及实证研究 ,并注重意识领域的研究。1.2　人格功能理论的观点认为个体广泛而稳定的人格特质决定其应对方式 ,每个个体都处于和应对有关的几种人格维度上。如内向—外向(Ｅｙｓｅｎｃｋ ,194 7)、面对—逃…     

“大五”人格剖面：以个体为中心的研究路径

"大五"人格剖面是"大五"人格特质在个体上的高低组合,充分考虑了人格特质之间的交互作用,能够反映不同子群体在"大五"人格特质上的数量与质量差异,是解释以往以变量为中心矛盾性结论的重要途径,也更契合组织管理实践需要,对实践有更强的指导意义。"大五"人格剖面数量受到研究情境、样本特征、研究方法等因素的影响,基于自我适应-自我管理模型可以获取4剖面模型,且常见的剖面包括灵活适应剖面、普通剖面与执拗剖面。"大五"人格剖面在研究中更多地扮演自变量角色,探讨其在关键结果变量上是否存在差异。未来可以关注强化"大五"人格剖面研究的理论基础;加强重复性研究,识别普适性"大五"人格剖面;识别"大五"人格剖面的影响因素;纳入更多人格变量,更完整刻画人格剖面。     

当代西方道德人格研究的两类取向

道德人格研究是西方道德心理学的新主题,主要有两类取向：特质取向和社会认知取向。特质取向把道德人格理解为与道德有关的人格特质,对道德榜样的自然概念和真实道德榜样的人格特征进行了大量研究。社会认知取向以社会认知图式、知识结构和认知－情感机制来解释道德人格,揭示了个体内部动态的心理过程。未来的道德人格研究要强调两类取向的结合,加强发展过程和影响因素研究,并注重多水平与多学科的整合。     

How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences?

ABSTRACT— Although evolutionary psychology has been successful in explaining some species-typical and sex-differentiated adaptations, a large question that has largely eluded the field is this: How can the field successfully explain personality and individual differences? This article highlights some promising theoretical directions for tackling this question. These include life-history theory, costly signaling theory, environmental variability in fitness optima, frequency-dependent selection, mutation load, and flexibly contingent shifts in strategy according to environmental conditions. Tackling the explanatory question also requires progress on three fronts: (a) reframing some personality traits as forms of strategic individual differences; (b) providing a nonarbitrary, evolutionary-based formulation of environments as distributions and salience profiles of adaptive problems; and (c) identifying which strategies thrive and which falter in these differing problem-defined environments.     

Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology: Allies, Adversaries, or Both? An Introduction to a Special Issue

This special issue on feminism and evolutionary psychology addresses current theory and research from feminist and evolutionary psychologists, focusing on gender differences in mate selection as conceptualized by Sexual Strategies Theory. This introduction begins with feminist critiques of evolutionary psychology as well as attempts by Darwinian feminists to integrate the two. It then reviews the papers, which generally fit into one of three lines of research. One group of papers critiques evolutionary psychology claims and presents research to support alternative theoretical explanations. A second group uses evolutionary psychology to support research on gender differences in alignment with Sexual Strategies Theory. A third group utilizes theory and empirical research to integrate evolutionary psychology and feminist theories. The introduction concludes with a call for furthering our understanding of the relationship between these theories.     

Traits and trade-offs are insufficient for evolutionary personality psychology

Comments on the article by D. Nettle, who has clearly shown that evolutionary psychologists need to focus more attention on individual differences, not just species-typical universals. Such differences are not mere "noise," and evolutionary theory will gain by understanding how they are produced and maintained. However, by focusing on personality traits and the five-factor personality model, Nettle left unaddressed many of the most important aspects of human personality. An evolutionary psychology of personality must ultimately explain not just trait differences but also differences in personal goals, values, motives, identities, and life narratives--essential elements of human individuality and functionality. K. M. Sheldon et al suggest four reasons why traits and the five-factor personality model do not provide an optimal approach for explaining the evolution of personality: (a) As constructs, traits provide little purchase for explaining the causes of behavior; (b) trait concepts do not acknowledge or explain people's variations around their own baselines, variations that are likely crucial for adaptation; (c) traits do not explain or even describe true human uniqueness, i.e. the ways in which a person is different from everybody else; and (d) traits do not explain personality from the inside, by considering what people are trying to do in their lives. In raising these issues Sheldon et al are suggesting that the important question for evolutionary personality study is not why people fall at different points on a continuum regarding traits x, y, and z, but rather why each person is inevitably unique while still sharing the same evolved psychology.     

A primer on the Dark Triad traits

In this review, we detail three personality traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) that have gained popularity in the last decade as the ‘Dark Triad’. These traits are useful to augment research on personality, like the Big Five traits, as they capture individual differences in ‘darker’ aspects of personality more fully. We briefly review the body of work surrounding these traits, how they are measured, how they can be understood through the exploration of their nomological network, and the role each trait plays in various domains like organisational psychology and interpersonal relationships. We then detail how an evolutionary paradigm can provide a novel and powerful way of understanding these traits. Finally, we explore broad-spectrum concerns about the research and thoughts on how one might think about these issues.     

中国区域跨文化心理学理论探索与实证研究

中国区域跨文化心理学是以文化学、社会学、人类学、人文地理学、社会心理学、跨文化心理学等学科理论为基础, 比较研究中国城乡区域、地理区域、历史区域、行政区域、生态区域等文化区域居民的个体心理和群体心理共同性和差异性的学科。采用系列问卷, 在2004年和2009年先后三次对甘肃省河西、河东汉族为主的地级市属各个县市区城乡居民以及蒙拢、湘拢的跨省域居民进行抽样调查。结果表明, 区域文化同一性和差异性以及具体的生态环境、生活方式、经济发展、政治体制、社会结构、教育水平、风俗习惯、风土人情等差异, 是影响区域居民心理健康、性格特质、社会态度、刻板印象等心理机能的重要变量。今后研究将着力进行学科理论完善和省际、县际比较研究, 更好地运用田野工作等方法, 揭示区域文化与心理行为之间的相互关系和作用机制, 形成理论模型, 为建设和谐社会提供理论依据。     

Evolution and Personality: What Should a Comprehensive Theory Address and How?

Personality is arguably the most integrative area of psychology; yet, it is an area about which evolutionary psychologists have had comparatively little to say. This is unfortunate because evolutionary theory holds great potential as a framework that can link together the disparate aspects that make up a person. We suggest that progress in evolutionary personality psychology will be helped by clarification of precisely what an evolutionary theory of personality would need to address. To this end, we first describe and assess some extant contributions by theorists attempting to understand personality from an evolutionary perspective. Next, we endorse a working definition of what personality entails and outline three types of personality differences – character traits, goals/motives, and selves/identities – that any comprehensive evolutionary theory of personality should address. Finally, we suggest an approach forward, one where evolved species‐typical motives orient people toward adaptive ends and result in the differentiation of individuals’ unique selves.     

个性的比较心理学研究

个性的比较心理学研究,实质上是指动物个性研究。文章首先探讨了个性的比较心理学研究的理论基础,在此基础上简要介绍了个性的比较心理学研究的策略和方法,并就个性的比较心理学研究对当代个性心理学发展的积极意义进行了初步的分析。     

Feminists Need to Look Beyond Evolutionary Psychology for Insights into Human Reproductive Strategies: A Commentary

The Sex Roles: Feminist Reappraisals of Evolutionary Psychology issue that addressed evolutionary psychology’s Sexual Strategies Theory is enlightening for feminists as well as those scholars who examine men and women’s behavior. As several articles in this issue show, there are mixed results in support of this theory. While some feminists may want to conclude that this an indication of the limited influence evolution and biology has on gendered behavior, the mixed results rather may be due to problems that are foundational to evolutionary psychology itself. For those interested in evolutionary perspectives of men and women’s behavior, they should look beyond evolutionary psychology and examine what evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology can provide to our understanding of reproductive strategies. This is evident in feminist and female evolutionists’ works that have created a new model of sexual dialectics, begun the retesting of A. J. Bateman’s foundational work that underlies parental investment theory and Sexual Strategies Theory, and provided new evidence of phenotypic and behavioral plasticity. This research has called into question past assumptions of male dominance and female passivity in mating, and continues to challenge evolutionary psychology’s claim that based on Sexual Strategies Theory, there are evolved psychological gender differences between men and women in their desire for short-term mating opportunities and sexual variety that are rooted in our evolutionary past and not very responsive to the current environments within which men and women are making these reproductive decisions.