精神分析客体关系革命的折衷进路:英国独立学派评述

自精神分析学诞生以来,其发展进路经历了自我革命、客体关系革命、自体革命、关系革命和神经科学革命。英国独立学派是客体关系革命的主要发起者和中间力量,它诞生于20世纪40年代英国精神分析学会内部的“论战”,并在规模以及精神分析理论和技术方面都取得重大发展。独立学派的精神分析师以开放和折衷的态度批判性地汲取各种现存的精神分析观点,形成不同于克莱因学派的客体关系思想,并表现出独立性、开放性、关系性和真实性的内涵与特征。温尼科特、费尔贝恩和巴林特是独立学派的主要代表人物,他们各自建构出独特的客体关系理论,促使精神分析范式从一元驱力模式转向二元客体关系模式,推动了客体关系理论的深入发展,奠定了后续精神分析发展的基石。     

试析对象关系学派的精神分析思想

对象关系学派是在英国发展起来的精神分析学的分支,它把对象关系特别是亲子关系置于理论和临床的视野中心,形成独特的对象关系理论。这一理论代表与传统驱力结构模式相对应的关系结构模式,是精神分析的一种新范式。Klein发展起来的游戏疗法是这一理论的重要临床技术。     

“潜意识”概念辨析

自从弗洛伊德发现"潜意识"心理现象、首创精神分析理论与疗法以来,"潜意识"已经成为了精神分析理论中最基础、最重要的概念。一百多年来,精神分析学派的众多学者在弗洛伊德学说基础上,不断扩充和发展精神分析理论,极大地丰富了精神分析"潜意识"概念。本文对"潜意识"概念的历史变迁、精神动力学特征进行回顾总结,分析其含义,探讨"潜...     

从精神分析的理论看违法犯罪的成因

精神分析学是当今西方世界最流行的学说之二。精神分析学自弗洛伊德创立以来,经过近一个世纪的变迁,已远远超出医学和心理学领域,形成一种强大的国际思潮,渗透到西方文化的血液中,影响到哲学、文学、艺术和社会生活的许多领域。尤其是上个世纪40年代,以沙利文、霍妮、和弗洛姆等为代表的新精神分析学派,他们把传统的精神分析的方法继承下来,加以改造和发展,并推广到哲学、历史、伦理、文学艺术等许多文化研究领域中,使精神分析学又有一个较大的发展。本文仅就精神分析学派有关理论探寻违法犯罪的成因。     

精神分析心理学

沈德灿著浙江教育出版社2005年5月出版全书分为4编12章。第1编“精神分析学派的创立”依次为：精神分析心理学概述，弗洛伊德精神分析理论的形成历史，弗洛伊德的精神分析理论，弗洛伊德精神分析的评价；第2编“精神分析学派的分裂”依次为：阿德勒的个体心理学理论与评价，     

西方四种心理学流派近19年在中国的发展

本文通过对 1 980～ 1 998年间 6种“核心”心理学期刊所发表论文题目的关键词、参考文献引用杂志的分析 ,对认知心理学、行为主义、精神分析和神经科学四种心理学流派在中国的发展做了研究 ,得出以下结果 :(1 )认知心理学研究论文的数量快速增长 ,神经科学领域的研究略有增加 ;(2 )四学派在中国受重视的程度依次为认知心理学、神经科学研究、行为主义、精神分析 ;(3 )精神分析和行为主义的研究极少。     

温尼科特的精神分析客体关系理论的治疗观

温尼科特是英国精神分析客体关系学派的重要代表人物,提出了独特的精神分析治疗观,以提供抱持性的分析情境为核心,强调退行至依赖的治疗过程,重视精神分析师的反移情中的恨的情绪体验,珍视病人的主动不交流等,在很多方面颠覆了经典的精神分析治疗观。     

温尼科特的精神分析客体关系理论的治疗观

温尼科特是英国精神分析客体关系学派的重要代表人物,提出了独特的精神分析治疗观,以提供抱持性的分析情境为核心,强调退行至依赖的治疗过程,重视精神分析师的反移情中的恨的情绪体验,珍视病人的主动不交流等,在很多方面颠覆了经典的精神分析治疗观.     

神经精神分析学对压抑机制的研究简析

神经精神分析学是一门试图将神经科学与精神分析学结合起来的学科, 作为一个新兴的领域, 在其成立的短短10年中, 已取得了丰硕的研究成果。为精神分析学这拥有一百年历史的学科带来了新的生机。对精神分析的基石——压抑的研究是神经精神分析学的热点。神经科学家试图从不同角度证明精神分析中压抑这一过程确实是存在的, 而且还存在相应的神经基础, 但是, 目前神经精神分析学的研究还存在一些局限。     

弗洛伊德的得意门生——亚伯拉罕和费伦茨对精神分析发展的贡献

亚伯拉罕和费伦茨都是弗洛伊德的早期弟子,他们在精神分析早期理论以及治疗技术的创新和发展中都有着重要的贡献。亚伯拉罕重新划分了弗洛伊德的心理性欲发展阶段并探讨了前俄狄浦斯期的母子关系,这都深深影响了后来的客体关系学派;费伦茨发展了弗洛伊德的性诱惑理论并在治疗技术上做出了许多革新,这为精神分析后来的发展开辟出了更广阔的道路。     

The Controversial Discussions: Edward Glover and the Origins of "Double-Barrelled Training"

I attempt to rehabilitate Edward Glover's historical reputation, based on unpublished interviews as well as recently found documentary material. This should make one of the defining moments in the history of British psychoanalysis more plausible. Glover was an eloquent heresy-hunter - against Jung, Rank, Klein, Alexander, and others - yet the polemical side of him represents only one aspect of his career. During the Controversial Discussions Glover was taking some of the burden for the way his leader Jones had run the British Society. In moving against Klein, Glover felt he was fulfilling Freud's own wishes, and that he was allied with the recently arrived Viennese contingent. After Glover's resignation in 1944, Jones split the opposition by appointing Anna Freud as Glover's successor as IPA Secretary. Subsequently Adrian Stephen and Donald Winnicott opposed Glover's even being allowed to speak at a psychoanalytic conference in Amsterdam; Anna Freud defended Glover's presence then. Glover's long struggle to be accepted as a member of the Swiss Society only went through in 1949, when Jones ceased being President of the IPA. Glover and Anna Freud regularly corresponded about setting up of the distinction between the "B" and "A" groups within the British Society. Meanwhile Glover, who had since the early 1930s been the de facto founder of the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, used his administrative talents there. He successfully founded The British Journal of Delinquency with Miller and Mannheim. Unlike what happened at the British Society, Glover cooperated without problem at the ISTD and the Portman Clinic. Glover was not only an important and successful clinical analyst but also a pioneer in forensic psychiatry. In 1947 he was unofficially approached and asked to take over the Directorship of the New York Psychoanalytic Training Institute. When the proceedings of the Controversial Discussions were published in 1991, various myths had been established about what had happened. That Glover found himself caught in the middle was not only a personal tragedy but also a part of a much larger story.     

Joseph Sandler's Contributions to The Concept of Countertransference

A few months before Joe Sandler's death, he participated in an American Psychoanalytic Association panel that focused on the Controversial Discussions that occurred in the British Psychoanalytic Society from 1941 to 1945. Our plan was to revisit the controversies in the context of British psychoanalysis some 50 years later. As we designed the panel, I suggested that we have one Kleinian panelist, one contemporary Freudian panelist, and a third panelist representing the Independents.     

THE PSYCHOANALYTIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF MELITTA SCHMIDEBERG KLEIN. MORE THAN MELANIE KLEIN’S REBEL DAUGHTER

Compared to the impact of the work of Melanie Klein on the history of psychoanalysis, the contributions of her daughter, Melitta Schmideberg, passed almost unnoticed. At present, Schmideberg is solely remembered for having harshly attacked her mother at the start of the Controversial Discussions of the British Psycho-Analytical Society and for having coined the fitting expression “stable instability” in order to describe borderline and asocial personality disorders. However, the author discusses how the early groundbreaking discoveries of Klein with regards to primitive anxieties were the result of the joint work and thinking of Melanie and Melitta. Moreover, he argues that the conflict between the two, along with the subsequent polarization of their views, did not facilitate the development of psychoanalysis, neither did it help the analytic community to recognize the value of Melitta’s contributions to psychoanalysis.     

Wandlerin zwischen den Welten

Anneliese Schnurmann belongs to the first generation of Anna Freud’s coworkers in the war nurseries and psycho-analytical child experts, as pediatric analytical training was called, which were established by Anna Freud. Although Anneliese Schnurmann later completed a training at the British Psychoanalytical Institute as an adult psychoanalyst, she remained a lifelong follower of Anna Freud’s concept. This might be due the fact that she had found a replacement homeland as had many emigrants from Germany and Austria in the circle around Anna Freud. Even during her time in Berlin, Anneliese Schnurmann, who was befriended with the Bonhoeffer family, established the “Jugendstube Charlottenburg” (Youth Home Charlottenburg) for unemployed youth, together with Dietrich Bonhoeffer.     

Personal recollections of the revival of psychoanalysis in West Germany during the first post-war decades]

National Socialism destroyed the integrity and substance of Psychoanalysis in Germany for a long time to come. The author was among those responsible for the reintroduction of psychoanalytic knowledge and in the organization of psychoanalytic institutions. In this article she tells about the difficulties in reestablishing psychoanalysis in the new Federal Republic, where it met considerable resistance and obstacles. In particular the author gives credit to the significant contribution of German and Austrian emigrants as well as that of psychoanalysis in Anglosaxon countries, especially the London "Schools" of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein.     

Psychoanalytic lexicography: notes from two "harmless drudges"

The co-Editors in Chief of the American Psychoanalytic Association's new edition of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts (previously edited by Moore and Fine and last revised in 1990) recount their lexicographical adventures. Editing a dictionary at the turn of the twenty-first century is a daunting, some might say foolhardy, undertaking. The most obvious challenge faced by the editors was the growing pluralism within psychoanalysis. However, a more fundamental challenge was that the object of psychoanalytic study, the mind and its processes, can be known only by putting words to our observations, inferences, and interpretations. Psychoanalytic thinkers, starting with Freud, have wrestled with this challenge in ways that define the history of psychoanalysis itself. Long gone are the days when Freud could commend the "correctness" of Sterba's lexicographical efforts. Today postmodern critics, at the opposite extreme, argue that terms and concepts are best understood as "verbal gestures" in the "language-game" of psychoanalysis. Some go so far as to assert that dictionary-writing is obsolete. The co-Editors in Chief of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts have not succumbed to such nihilistic views, but have instead struggled to establish a reasonable stance within contemporary debates over the nature of psychoanalytic language.     

Analytical psychology and its relation to psychoanalysis. A personal view

Jungian analysis is a process based on analytical psychology; it shows local variations giving emphasis to different aspects of Jung's work within the various societies which make up the IAAP. I describe the orientation of the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP). I have emphasized the different origins of psychoanalysis and analytical psychology and described how, because we encounter the same clinical phenomena, our differences centre on technique and interpretation in the context of our theoretical differences (see Astor 1998, p. 697 & 2001). In the main the link to psychoanalysis has come from the connection forged by Fordham, who recognized that Jung and Klein shared a similar perception of the significance of unconscious phantasy. For Klein unconscious phantasy was the primary unconscious content, and this is different, as Spillius has recently pointed out, from Freud for whom, 'the prime mover, so to speak, is the unconscious wish.     

The Latin American contribution to the psychoanalytic concept of phantasy

The author argues that the ubiquity of phantasies at various levels of mental functioning is undisputed in the current schools of psychoanalytic thought; however, she demonstrates some variations in their understanding of how the psychotherapeutic access to different configurations occurs. In the process of examining and acknowledging the central role played by unconscious phantasies in his patients’ symptoms, Freud gradually broadened the vernacular meaning of the German word ‘Phantasie’ that refers to imagination and the world of imagination, conferring on it the specific features that came to characterize its use in the psychoanalytic vocabulary. Later, the expansion of the concept derived from Melanie Klein’s clinical material obtained from child analyses gave rise to important debates. The author discusses the main points of disagreement that led to these debates, as well as their various theoretical and technical implications. Psychoanalytic associations in Latin America were strongly influenced by Klein and her followers. Thus, most of their scientific writings use the concept of unconscious phantasy put forward by the Kleinian school. Taking Kleinian principles as their starting point, Baranger and Baranger made the most original Latin American contribution to the concept of unconscious phantasy with their works on the unconscious phantasies generated by the analytic pair.