道德自我调节研究述评

道德自我调节是指个体根据自己道德行为史来确定未来增加道德行为还是减少道德行为的过程,为分析现实中个体道德行为动态性提供了新视角,本文旨在梳理前人研究,回顾道德自我调节的研究成果和不足,并提出今后的探索方向。     

两种道德自我调节机制下的道德行为

道德自我调节指个体根据道德自我, 从事(不从事)道德行为和不道德行为。道德自我分为状态道德自我(道德自我知觉)和特质道德自我(道德认同)。道德自我调节的负反馈机制, 指个体依据道德自我知觉, 保持道德行为的波动性, 它包含道德许可效应和道德清洁效应; 正反馈机制, 指个体依据道德认同, 保持道德行为的一致性。解释水平理论整合了正负反馈机制, 两种道德行为。未来研究需探讨公我、个体差异对道德自我调节机制的影响。     

道德自我调节对亲社会行为和违规行为的影响

本文通过两个研究探讨道德自我调节对亲社会行为和违规行为的影响。研究一中,被试随机分为三组,分别抄写“正性特质词语”“负性特质词语”或“中性词语”,并回忆自己所经历的与关键词有关的事情。启动完成后,考察其捐助行为。结果发现,正性特质启动组被试愿意捐助的数目显著高于负性特质和中性词语启动组。研究二用同样的方法改变被试的道德自我知觉,然后对被试的作弊行为进行了考察。结果发现,正性特质启动组的作弊严重程度显著低于中性词语启动组,负性特质启动组的作弊发生率和作弊严重程度显著低于中性词语启动组。本研究表明,道德自我调节过程不一定遵循负反馈机制：虽然“道德净化效应”在本研究中得到了部分验证,但是我们的实验结果不符合“道德许可效应”的预期。     

一些青少年道德失衡与传统美德教育失调调查报告

一些青少年道德失衡与传统美德教育失调调查报告翟康党的十四大以来,我国进一步深化改革、扩大开放,发展社会主义市场经济,为培养当代青少年成为新时期需要的建设者和接班人,创设了具有相当积极意义的社会氛围和成长环境。今天的广大青少年信息视野扩大、经济意识萌发...     

浅析当代大学生负性情绪特点及自我调节策略

负性情绪一直困扰着当代大学生的生活、学习。当代大学生的负性情绪,具有如下一些特点：失落感严重,情绪不稳定性,具有冲动性、盲目性。当代大学生可通过如下自我调节策略来提高应对负性情绪的能力：了解自己、接纳自己,尝试独立、尝试自主,学会倾诉、学会宣泄,树立航向、避免盲目。     

自我调节心理疲劳

晓玫29岁,在某机关工作,孩子4岁,家庭和睦,身体一直很好。3个月后的一天,我发现一向活泼聪明而漂亮的她忽然憔悴了许多,俏皮话也没了。我问她出了什么事,她说近两个月来自觉心烦意乱、坐卧不宁、注意力不集中、思维变得迟钝,同时精力不够、食欲不佳,可到医院又没有查出什么。在我的反复劝说下她才说出了事情的原委：     

中学生消极情绪的自我调节

从目前逐步上升的青少年犯罪率和时有发生的自杀事件中,我们可以发现对中学生心理素质教育的缺陷。九八年东北某中学学生王遥之死,通过新闻媒体报道后,在社会上引起了强烈反响。王遥本是一个品学兼优的学生,并且在班里任班长。只因其同桌恶作剧地把一个笤帚放在教室门上     

自我调节学习:策略型学习者实现自我效能的超越

自我调节学习与自我效能感是当今教育心理学和教学心理学的两个重要概念。自我调节学习是学习者为了保证学习的成功、提高学习的效果、达到学习的目标主动地运用与调控元认知、动机与行为的过程。自我效能感是个体对自己是否能够成功地进行某一成就行为的主观判断,它是直接影响个体自我调控的关键变量。文章在分析策略型学习者与自我调节学习的基础上,认为增强策略型学习者的自我调节学习能力,是实现教育目标的手段,也是策略型学习者实现自我效能超越的重要内容。自我调节学习也是促进学生全面发展,具备适应未来社会生活的终身学习和可持续发展的意识和能力的必然要求。     

自我调节学习综述

文章综述了自我调节学习理论的产生，概念，五种理论模式，具体操作过程以及对学校教育的启示，并提出了未来研究的方向。     

自我调节心理温度

心理世界与物质世界一样,也是有温度的。我们常听到“火热的心”、“冰冷的心”、“温暖的心”之类的说法,说的就是心理“温度”。心理的“温度”不能用温度计测量,但这并不等于说没有测定标准,更不等于说无法测量。心平气和是心理的常温,除此而外常发生异常变化,无外乎温度过高或是过低,无论哪种情形,都有相应的征兆     

The Undepleted Ego: Self-Regulatory Adaptation in Multiple Task Sequences

Working on a task that requires strong self-regulation can deteriorate performance in a subsequent task also involving high self-regulatory demands. Several studies suggest that the consumption of limited self-regulatory resources may account for this effect known as ego depletion. We investigated the influence of expectations about upcoming tasks on self-regulatory performance in two experiments, contrasting tasks with high and low self-regulatory demand. We manipulated expectations by informing participants about the number of tasks to be worked on (Experiment 1) and by varying the number of tasks (Experiment 2). With the expectation of highly demanding tasks no ego-depletion effect occurred. Results show that expecting a continuation of high self-regulatory demand in a sequence of several tasks actually improved performance.     

Creating Harmony Out of Dissonance

Abstract

The thesis of this paper is that the intimate relation ship offers an opportunity for transforming self-experience and re suming individual development. By applying theories of intersubjec tivity, three levels of contextual relatedness are discussed. The first is; that of the infant and caregiver, in which the self is developed and characterological styles of relating become entrenched, and from which stem the unconscious organizing principles that become activated in significant adult relationships. The second is the context of intimate partners and suggests that mate selection is based in a mutual dovetailing of narcissistic transference. This explains how the romantic illusion is shattered when internal conflicts between main taining the selfobject tie and attempts to self-demarcate occur in the intersubjective context. The third is that of conjoint treatment, in which problems and solutions are viewed as two-person events. The therapist'S task is to facilitate the de-construction of archaically derived interpretations through mutual self-validating interactions.     

Cognitive Dissonance in Groups

Cognitive dissonance theory, as originally set out by Festinger ( 1957 ), described dissonance as an intraindividual phenomenon in a social context. Much of the research on dissonance has focused on the intraindividual aspect of dissonance. The limited research that has looked at cognitive dissonance in groups has done so from a range of different perspectives. These perspectives seem to result in contradictory predictions about the role of social information on the arousal and reduction of cognitive dissonance, despite generally sharing a model of the social self based on, or consistent with, social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978 ). Thinking about how these group‐based models of cognitive dissonance fit together may better illuminate the nature of dissonance and also suggest productive avenues for research to integrate these various perspectives on dissonance.     

A Brief History of Dissonance Theory

Prior to the construction of the theory of cognitive dissonance, the dominant view in American experimental psychology held that behavior, including verbal attitude statements, was learned and shaped by rewards and/or punishments. Dissonance theory took a surprisingly different view by stating that behaviors and reasons for engaging in them could be strengthened by minimizing the very rewards or threatened punishments that produced the behaviors. Many hundreds of experimental studies later, the main argument of dissonance theory is well supported, although researchers disagree about the necessary and sufficient conditions. The present paper traces the major lines of research, including contributions from around the world, and the major controversies among some of the researchers.     

Self-Regulatory Dysfunctions in Personality Disorders: The Role of Poor Self-Monitoring and Mindreading

To understand how persons self-regulate, we need, as Cervone, Shadel, Smith, and Fiori (2006 ) assert, to refer to personality science, with which it is possible to identify the multifarious psychological elements and processes helping or hindering action programming, overcoming difficulties, and error correction. Personality disorder research and personality science itself demonstrate that dysfunctions in two skills—self-monitoring and mindreading—worsen self-regulation and lead individuals to fail chronically to achieve goals in the social domain. Here we describe how poor self-reflection and biased mindreading impair self-regulation in personality disorders and other clinical conditions and make some suggestions about how to tackle them in psychotherapy.     

The Impact of Emotional Dissonance on Organizational Commitment and Intention to Turnover

In the workplace, emotional dissonance is the conflict between experienced emotions and emotions expressed to conform to display rules. This study is an empirical examination of the impact of emotional dissonance on organizational criteria and its moderation by self-monitoring and social support. Emotional dissonance was theorized to stimulate turnover intentions, either solely through job dissatisfaction or through both job dissatisfaction and reduced organizational commitment. Job dissatisfaction was found to be the sole mediator. Emotional dissonance resulted in job dissatisfaction, which, in turn, stimulated withdrawal intentions. Self-monitoring and social support exerted moderator effects, albeit in opposing directions. Emotional dissonance aroused feelings of job dissatisfaction and reduced organizational commitment among high self-monitors. In contrast, social support lessened the negative impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment.     

The Psychological Dimension of Informed Consent: Dissonance Processes in Genetic Testing

This paper discusses the issue of the psychological dimension of informed consent. In this paper, the author proposes that informed consent is a continuous variable rather than a dichotomous one. When clients better understand their motives and actual, rather than just perceived degree of choice in pursuing a particular option in a medical setting, their level of informed consent is greater. Findings from existing literature in the field of genetic testing are examined in terms of dissonance theory. These findings suggest that testing candidates sometimes overestimate their coping skills and minimize the threat to psychological integrity that a particular genetic result may pose. Counseling directed towards realistic appraisal of degree of choice in pursuing testing is examined as an aspect of supporting informed consent and possibly reducing the potential for adverse psychological outcome in the longer term.