心理治疗中的共同要素理论与特殊成分说:争议与整合

共同要素理论与特殊成分说是探讨心理治疗改变因素的两大对立理论。文章综述了共同要素理论的内涵及两条发展途径,并以实证支持治疗为例,探讨了特殊成分说的内涵及研究进展,分别探讨了两者存在的问题及争议。"共同要素vs特殊成分"更多体现的是研究者的视角,是探索导致心理治疗改变的因素时所进行的临时划分,两者相互依赖、相互转化,但未能囊括治疗改变的所有因素。未来,需要深入了解心理治疗的改变过程与机制,培养同时掌握特殊成分与共同要素技能的新一代治疗师,在推进循证心理治疗的过程逐渐进行整合。     

当代心理治疗整合的反思与展望

心理治疗整合是指试图超越某单一心理治疗流派的局限,借鉴其他流派的优势,对各种不同的治疗理论和方法持包容和开放的态度的一种当代心理治疗取向.心理治疗整合主要有四种模式:技术折衷、共同因素、理论整合、同化整合.整合取向仍是目前心理治疗的大势所趋,越来越多的治疗师开始接受整合理念,不仅不同的治疗理论和方法之间需要整合,而且理论研究与临床实践也需要整合.     

浅谈我国心理咨询师健康发展之要素

心理咨询与心理治疗效果的关键在于心理咨询与心理治疗师自身的特质,而非理论技巧。因此,心理咨询与心理治疗师在心理咨询与治疗的过程中,会非常直接、深刻和迅速地影响当事人的生活。通过对我国心理咨询师健康发展之要素的探讨,提出心理咨询师的培养应逐步走向正规专业教育和训练途径;同时关注心理咨询师自己的个人成长,健全督导制度是预防心理咨询师的职业耗竭,也是我国心理咨询业健康发展的根本保障。     

河合隼雄与箱庭疗法对现代心理治疗发展的启示

日本心理学家河合隼雄的生平经历、学术成长之路,以及他和卡尔夫共同创立的心理治疗技术——"箱庭疗法"的理论渊源,都展现出现代心理治疗的一个重要特点,即在全球化的社会背景下,东西文化于心理治疗中的融会贯通,而这也将成为未来心理治疗发展之路上不可避免的趋势。     

共同因素心理治疗整合模式的回顾与评析

共同因素心理治疗整合模式是现代心理治疗整合运动中最早被提出的一种心理治疗整合模式。通过对共同因素整合模式的创建背景、发展历程及基本观点进行了梳理简述,认为其在促进心理治疗各流派融合的同时也人为地造成了“共同因素VS特异因素”新的对立,探讨了唯有建基于人的整合本性的心理治疗整合视野才能促进心理治疗整合运动未来的健康发展。     

评西方关于各种心理疗法之共同要素的探索

1　为什么要寻找共同要素近些年来 ,一些西方的心理治疗家着力从理论和实践两个方面来探寻各心理疗法的共同要素(ｃｏｍｍｏｎｆａｃｔｏｒｓ) ,他们认为 ,这些共同要素与良好的治疗效果有较为直接的关联。这些治疗家们之所以热心于该方面的研究是出于以下三个原因 ,第一 ,自弗洛伊德创立精神分析以后 ,各种心理疗法不断涌现 ,数量迅速攀升 ,如在美国 ,2 0世纪 5 0年代末 ,哈珀 (Ｈａｐｅｒ)认为有 36种左右 ;70年代中期 ,帕洛夫 (Ｐａｒｌｏｆｆ)指出有 130多种 ;而十年后的 80年代中期 ,卡拉瑟 (Ｋａｒａｓｕ)认定有4 0 0多种[1] 。面对这…     

文化心理学视域下的心理治疗

近年来,心理治疗的文化取向日益为心理学界所关注。在概要分析文化心理学理论取向和传统心理治疗特点的基础上,重点对文化心理学取向下的心理病因观、医患关系、心理治疗方法、心理治疗效果评价观做了相应分析,并对未来文化取向下的心理治疗理论进行了展望,希望对我国心理治疗理论和实践有所帮助。     

文化心理学视域下的心理治疗

近年来,心理治疗的文化取向日益为心理学界所关注.在概要分析文化心理学理论取向和传统心理治疗特点的基础上,重点对文化心理学取向下的心理病因观、医患关系、心理治疗方法、心理治疗效果评价观做了相应分析,并对未来文化取向下的心理治疗理论进行了展望,希望对我国心理治疗理论和实践有所帮助.     

阿德勒心理治疗方法与当代心理治疗整合精神的契合

阿德勒为心理治疗提供了一个经得起时间考验的综合理论。他对人类行为做了务实的概念化处理,并改变了程序使其可能整合当代心理治疗理论中众多有价值的见解。阿德勒心理治疗与当代实践之间存在很多相似之处,因为阿德勒治疗是一种现在与未来定向的、限时性的（即短程的）、整合性和折衷性的方法。     

文化与心理治疗

关于文化与心理治疗的关系,主要有文化相对论与文化中立论两种观点。它们各有一定的积极之处和局限性。其实,心理治疗具有普遍性与特殊性两种属性。因此,应注意对心理与行为异常及其治疗的文化分析;积极挖掘整理本文化心理治疗的理论与方法,实现心理治疗的本土化或文化化;加强心理治疗理论与方法的文化整合。     

Spezifische psychoanalytische Interventionen

It is held that specific ingredients are responsible for the effectiveness of various psychotherapies and it is supposed that for this reason particular therapeutic approaches are more efficient than others. First, this article presents Bruce E. Wampold’s research on psychotherapeutic efficacy, which gives evidence that psychotherapies efficiency is due to general, not to specific factors. It is shown that in the end the common factors like alliance, compliance, empathy and the fact, that therapists generally make best use of their personality, are interpersonal factors. The impact of these empirical results on psychotherapy, on theory and practice is described in the light of two metatheories, the “medical modell”and the “contextual model”. The author delineates some consequences, for instance that in psychotherapeutic practice the diagnosis-based indication for therapy has to be replaced by fitting-indication. Regarding outcome research, the randomized goldstandard research design has to be replaced by a fitting indication concerning therapist /patient and patient/paticular treatment. Further it is shown that although specific ingredients in a strict sense are not active, therapists have to realize that they are nessessary even if active only as a component of the healing context. How specific ingredients might be realized within a healing context is shown with regard to the adaptive approach to psychoanalysis.     

Saul Rosenzweig's purview: from experimenter/experimentee complementarity to idiodynamics

Following a brief personal biography, an exposition of Saul Rosenzweig's scientific contributions is presented. Starting in 1933 with experimenter/experimentee complementarity, this point of view was extended to implicit common factors in psychotherapy Rosenzweig (1936) then to the complementary pattern of the so-called schools of psychology Rosenzweig (1937). Similarly, converging approaches in personality theory emerged as another type of complementarity Rosenzweig (1944a). The three types of norms-nomothetic, demographic, and idiodynamic-within the range of dynamic human behavior were formulated and led to idiodynamics as a successor to personality theory. This formulation included the concept of the idioverse, defined as a self-creative and experiential population of events, which opened up a methodology (psychoarcheology) for reconstructing the creativity of outstanding scientific and artistic craftsmen like William James and Sigmund Freud, among psychologists, and Henry James, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne among writers of fiction.     

Transcultural histories of psychotherapy

Abstract

Both proponents of and critics tend to assume psychotherapy’s origin and status as a ‘Western’ practice. The history of the emergence of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are far more complex than this picture allows for. Today as we enter a more multipolar era of world history, the easy identification of psychotherapy with ‘the West’ will become increasingly difficult to sustain, as Bangalore and Shanghai are likely to rival Hampstead and Manhattan as centres of influence for the development of therapeutic practice and theory in the coming decades. Adapting to this new world will necessitate a different conception of the role of ‘culture’ than we have been used to in recent discussions in psychotherapy. Rather than simply seeing ‘culture’ as a factor that needs to be added to discussions to counteract the alleged ethnocentrism of ‘Western’ psychotherapy, we will need to begin to pay more careful attention to the work that is done by appeals to the ‘culture concept’ in different contexts. In particular ‘culture’ can be constructed as an object of evaluation that makes it part of the ‘check-list’ of skills that characterise the reconception of psychotherapy in an era of neoliberal instrumental manualised therapy training and practice.     

Change process in systemic therapy: A qualitative investigation

This study addresses the process of therapeutic change in individuals who received systemic therapy. This study is an exploratory qualitative study based on the client's perceptions and therapeutic experiences. The sample included 10 clients who had completed their therapy with systemic therapists. The method used for the collection of the data was semi‐structured interviews (Change Interview; Elliott, Slatick, & Urman, 2001). The interviews were analysed using grounded theory analysis. The results showed that both specific and common factors in therapy function in a co‐occurring mode, hence suggesting a synergy effect between common factors and specific techniques or therapist factors in psychotherapy. The core category ‘experience of therapeutic change, within the secure frame of therapy, is a process of deconstructing and reconstructing the house you live in: Yourself’ emerged based on self‐exploration and self‐discovery and is then discussed in a theoretical constructivist framework. Implications for research on the issue of the process of therapeutic change are discussed.     

Empathy in Counselling and Psychotherapy: Present status and future directions

This paper considers the current status of the construct of empathy and the methodological difficulties experienced in researching empathy arising from the assumptions inherent in the ‘drug metaphor’. This paradigm assumes therapy to comprise active ingredients delivered by the therapist. Four areas of current concern are reviewed along a range from theory to appropriate research methodologies, and it is argued that the current demise of productive research is a function of both conceptual confusion and inappropriate research paradigms and methodological procedures. Accordingly, it is argued that empathy research requires conceptual clarity and comprehensiveness. A more collaborative research enterprise adopting the events paradigm in which a multidimensional approach to empathy is pursued in the context of additional components is recommended. The future of empathy in counselling and psychotherapy is reviewed according to the relation between theory and research in the area of the therapeutic bond, and between research and practice adopting the scientist-practitioner model.     

A pluralistic framework for counselling and psychotherapy: Implications for research

Historically, training, research and practice in counselling and psychotherapy have been dominated by unitary theoretical models. Although integrative and eclectic positions have been developed as alternatives, these have not been successful in generating research and have resulted in a further proliferation of competing models. In this paper we introduce a ‘pluralistic’ framework for counselling and psychotherapy and discuss the implications of this framework for research. The basic principle of this pluralistic framework is that psychological difficulties may have multiple causes and that there is unlikely to be one, ‘right’ therapeutic method that will be appropriate in all situations—different people are helped by different processes at different times. This pluralistic framework operates as a meta‐theory within which it is possible to utilise concepts, strategies and specific interventions from a range of therapeutic orientations. The framework is structured around three domains—goals, task and methods—by which therapeutic processes can be conceptualised, critically examined and empirically investigated. These domains, and the relationships between them, are outlined and the collaborative relationship at the heart of the pluralistic framework is discussed. The pluralistic framework provides a means for empirical research directly to inform practice and potential lines of empirical inquiry are outlined, along with findings from a recent study of counselling in schools.     

文化对个体风险感知的影响:文化认知理论的解释

文化认知理论旨在从个体层面研究与文化因素相关的个体风险感知差异。它以"格-群"维度划分文化世界观,"格"维度衡量社会的制度化程度,"群"维度衡量社会群体对个体的影响程度,由此编制文化认知量表以测量个体文化理念差异。目前已验证认同保护认知、偏见同化与群体极化、文化易得性、文化可信性、文化认同确认五种作用机制,并在情感启发式研究的基础上引入文化冲突模因作为中介变量建立理论模型。后续研究可推进文化认知测量工具的跨文化检验与本土化修订,并在具体风险主题研究的基础上探索切实可行的公共风险管理对策。     

The construction of emotional experience: State‐related emotional awareness and its application to psychotherapy research and practice

The cognitive–developmental theory of ‘levels of emotional awareness’ (LEA) addresses an individual's capacity to experience and express emotion, a capacity highly relevant to psychotherapy. Previous papers on LEA and psychotherapy addressed the aspect of LEA theory pertaining to the ‘trait’ (i.e. enduring) aspects of an individual's emotional functioning over time. LEA theory also applies to the construction of emotional experience at any given moment, in which levels emerge or disappear in a process of microgenetic construction as a function of arousal and other variables. This state‐related perspective is supported by recent research showing that people vary in their LEA from moment to moment. Momentary changes in LEA correspond to the variations in lived experience that occur in relationships, including the therapy relationship, and provide the context for corrective emotional experiences that promote change. In this paper, the construction of emotional experience at different levels of organisation is discussed separately in relation to clients and therapists. Key phenomena relevant to psychotherapy include the transition from bodily sensations to specific differentiated emotional feelings, the ability to be aware of multiple feelings that may be contradictory or counter‐intuitive, and the appreciation of how complex combinations of feelings may differ in self and other. This perspective adds to the literature on how the integration of emotion and cognition contributes to change in psychotherapy. The clinical and research implications of this perspective are discussed.     

Psychotherapy process and research: Missing persons and missing values

The task of ‘understanding’ in psychotherapy is compared with the mundance basis of interpersonal understanding. This implicates a discussion of three ‘principles’ which are put forward as distinguishing features of psychotherapy: ‘empathy’ (as a process, not a technique); ‘interpretation’ (particularly with regard to its relation to values); and the ‘faded person of the psychotherapist’ (related to empathy and interpretation, but particularly the power and remoteness of therapist). This allows a critical evaluation of psychotherapy research. Process research, particularly the innovative work of Robert Elliott, which seems best able to meet criticisms related to the sensitivity of research methodologies, is given particular attention. However, epistemological limitations are identified which are likely to unnecessarily distort the meaningfulness of the ‘events’ of psychotherapy.