自适应气泡光标——基于用户的点击增强技术

本研究选取了气泡光标这种典型的点击增强技术作为研究对象,从用户操作习惯和特点出发,提出基于频次算法的和基于时间算法的自适应气泡光标,并试图通过实验研究来探索这两款自适应气泡光标的影响作用。结果显示:(1)基于频次算法的和基于时间算法的自适应气泡光标在操作绩效和主观评价上均显著优于气泡光标;(2)两款自适应气泡光标在操作绩效和主观评价上无显著差异。本研究的结果为点击增强技术的设计优化提供了新的设计思路。     

光标显示模式对视线交互绩效与用户体验的影响研究

显示与反馈是人机交互的重要设计要素。对于视线交互这种自然人机交互技术,如何呈现视线光标,尚存在争论。本研究选取基于凝视点击范式的文本输入任务,设计了2（有无视点锁定功能）*2（有无实时注视点）被试内实验,探讨光标显示模式对视线交互绩效与用户体验的影响。结果：视点锁定功能可以提升交互绩效和用户体验,有无实时注视点对交互绩效无显著影响;输入速度的提升主要在于该功能能够让被试的视线更快地转移到下一个目标上。研究结果为视线光标的设计与应用提供了指导。     

视觉信息呈现材料对视线突显技术的影响作用

本研究选取了基于视线追踪的视线突显技术作为研究对象,探究视觉信息呈现材料对不同视线突显技术的影响作用。结果表明：1）相比无突显,两种视线突显技术在搜索中均能提高操作绩效;2）视线矩阵突显技术在提高搜索速度上更优于视线单项突显技术;3）视线矩阵突显技术均能提高两种词频词组的搜索绩效,而低频词组搜索时,视线单项突显技术下的搜索正确率最优。本研究进一步考察了视线突显技术规律特点,为其实际应用提供理论依据和设计思路。     

结构限制和作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响

通过对不同双重任务的呈现间隔时间和不同任务难度的双重任务的操作研究,探讨了结构限制与资源竞争对双重任务操作绩效的影响。实验结果表明：(1)两种作业呈现的间隔时间对双重任务操作绩效有明显的影响。间隔时间越大,双重任务的作业绩效越好。(2)作业难度对双重任务的操作有明显的影响。作业难度越大,双重任务的操作绩效越差。(3)两个作业呈现的间隔时间不同并不影响作业难度对双重任务操作绩效的作用。本研究的实验结果进一步证实了双重任务操作的三因素假设：结构限制、信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双重任务操作绩效的三个独立的原因。     

类似性结构组合的实验研究

在国外研究使用点击映射(one—shot mapping)的基础上,本研究在一个实验中从新的角度使用了点击映射的方法探讨了关于类似性的一种观点：类似性判断与差异性判断不是一种对立的镜像关系;研究结果表明。类似性判断与差异性判断都是结构组合。     

基于视线追踪交互式突显技术对视觉搜索的影响研究

本研究通过将视线追踪技术与突显技术相结合,在传统突显技术基础上增加动态交互特性,并通过实验考察这种基于视线追踪交互式突显系统对提高海量信息下的视觉目标定位绩效的有效性。首先通过结合低通滤波算法和眼动事件自适应技术,实现基于视线追踪的交互式突显技术,然后让24名大学生分别在有和没有采用基于视线追踪的交互式突显方式下,完成从数字及图标材料的海量刺激中搜索并定位目标刺激的任务,并记录任务完成时间、错误数以及被试的主观疲劳评分。结果发现,自适应低通滤波算法能有效过滤漂移、震颤和微小的不随意眼跳,实现交互式突显系统;无论是在数字材料还是图标材料下,使用交互式突显技术的任务完成时间显著快于未采用该技术,完成错误数上两者无显著差异。在数字材料下,采用交互式突显技术的疲劳度主观评分显著低于没有采用该技术,而在图标材料下,这种差异并不显著。本研究表明基于视线追踪的交互式突显系统能够有效提高海量信息下的目标定位绩效,这种交互式突显技术具有一定的应用前景。     

点击流：一种研究网上消费者的新范式

点击流,顾名思义,就是访问者在网上的持续的访问轨迹。点击流研究带动了一种新的研究潮流,不仅在多个学术领域,而且在多个实践领域都是大家关注的热点。点击流数据揭示了网上消费者在网上的冲浪行为,现有的点击流研究大多致力于建立消费者网上购物行为的模型,从而更深刻地理解网上消费者的行为,同时,点击流数据分析也有利于进行数据挖掘,改善网页设计和提供决策支持。该文将已有的文献分成三种：网站内点击流研究,网站间点击流研究,以及点击流数据的应用研究,并对点击流研究作为一种新的研究范式的局限性和研究发展趋势作了预测与展望     

三维虚拟空间中转头选中远离和靠近运动目标的操作特性差异

通过转头选中运动目标是虚拟现实(VR)中的常见操作,然而运动目标包含远离和靠近运动,确定两类操作的时间特性差异对设计高效的用户接口有重要的意义。本研究选取17名被试在VR中通过转头将球体光标快速准确地放入水平运动的球体目标内,并改变初始距离、目标容差和目标速度。总时间结果显示,远离运动的操作难度更大,初始距离和目标容差对远离和靠近运动的影响相似,目标速度对两类运动的影响相反。进一步将光标的移动过程划分为加速、减速和调整阶段,结果发现,远离运动的加速和减速时间大于靠近运动,但是两类运动的调整时间接近,并且只有目标容差对两类运动的影响一致。最后构建了总时间与三因素的函数模型,成功解释了两类运动的操作时间特性。本研究证明了远离与靠近运动具有不同的操作时间特性,为两类运动的独立交互设计提供了重要参考。     

自闭谱系障碍对视线的加工

视线加工异常是自闭谱系障碍(简称ASD)的一个显著特征。该特征出现在发育的早期,并且与社会互动、人际交往功能障碍有关。本综述主要聚焦于ASD视线加工中的眼睛关注、眼神分辨、视线追踪以及共同注意四个方面,全面述评了ASD视线加工的行为以及脑功能的研究成果。文章也对ASD视线加工异常的机制以及未来的研究进行了讨论和展望。     

教师工作满意感与工作绩效:职业倦怠的中介效用

本研究通过考察398名幼儿园和小学教师的工作满意感、职业倦怠和工作绩效状况,采用纵向研究方法,借助于结构方程模型建构,以揭示其工作满意感、职业倦怠与工作绩效三者之间的关系。结果表明,(1)工作满意感对工作绩效存在显著的影响;(2)工作满意感通过职业倦怠中情感耗竭维度的中介作用影响教师的工作绩效;(3)职业倦怠中人格解体维度和成就感低落维度对工作绩效没有显著影响。     

眼睛注视线索提示效应: 内源性注意还是外源性注意?

采用改进的Posner视-空间线索提示范式, 对眼睛注视线索提示效应(eyes gaze cueing effect)的加工机制进行了探讨。实验一考察注视提示线索对空间Stroop效应的影响; 实验二考察注视提示线索对特征抽取和特征整合的影响。实验结果显示: 注视线索提示有效时的空间Stroop效应显著大于提示无效的情景; 在单一特征搜索与特征联合搜索任务中, 注视线索提示效应无差别。这说明, 注视线索通过在头脑里形成空间方位表征诱导注意转移; 注视线索通过影响特征抽取、而非特征整合阶段, 对客体加工产生易化。本研究支持注视线索提示效应属于内源性注意的观点。     

The Effects of Screen Refresh Rate on Editing Operations Using a Computer Mouse Pointing Device

Two experiments are described in which subjects attempted to locate a specified target word in a short text using a cursor controlled by a computer mouse pointing device. The task was performed at screen refresh rates of 50 Hz, 75 Hz, and 100 Hz. In Experiment 1, both the timing and accuracy of the cursor movement was influenced by screen pulsation. During the early phase of the movement, performance was worse at 100 Hz, whereas in the later, visually guided phase, performance was worse at 50 Hz. In Experiment 2, eye movements were recorded as the task was performed. The results show that the cursor movement is typically preceded by an eye movement and that subjects do not directly inspect the cursor in the early stages of its movement. In the later phase of the movement the cursor is tracked for considerable periods of time. The data suggest that adverse effects of screen pulsation on the control of cursor movement are inherited from penalties incurred during the process of target computation but may also be influenced by concurrent eye movements.     

眼动交互中边框和视标对作业绩效的影响研究

研究人计算机界面设计中的眼动交互反馈方式,为优化基于视线追踪技术的人计算机界面设计提供工效学依据。12名被试在交互对象有无边框提示和当前注视位置有无视标反馈的四种组合条件下,通过眼动交互完成目标选择任务,由计算机自动记录作业时间、选择错误和超时数目。结果发现,有无当前注视位置的视标反馈对作业时间有显著影响,有视标反馈可加速目标字母的搜索与定位过程和目标激活过程,由视标反馈所产生的作业时间下降,主要由目标定位时间的缩短所致;边框提示对用户的作业绩效无显著影响。根据上述结果可得以下结论:对当前注视位置提供视标反馈是一种有效的反馈方式,基于视线追踪的人机交互系统应为用户提供这种反馈信息。     

The whereabouts of visual attention: Involuntary attentional bias toward the default gaze direction

This study proposed and verified a new hypothesis on the relationship between gaze direction and visual attention: attentional bias by default gaze direction based on eye-head coordination. We conducted a target identification task in which visual stimuli appeared briefly to the left and right of a fixation cross. In Experiment 1, the direction of the participant’s head (aligned with the body) was manipulated to the left, front, or right relative to a central fixation point. In Experiment 2, head direction was manipulated to the left, front, or right relative to the body direction. This manipulation was based on results showing that bias of eye position distribution was highly correlated with head direction. In both experiments, accuracy was greater when the target appeared at a position where the eyes would potentially be directed. Consequently, eye–head coordination influences visual attention. That is, attention can be automatically biased toward the location where the eyes tend to be directed.     

眼动交互中对象排列方式对作业绩效的影响

由于人眼注视的方位能够表达用户的兴趣中心等信息,使得基于眼动的用户界面备受关注,同时眼动也成为攫取当前认知加工过程的一个窗口。本研究采用２排列方式×６目标项位置的被试内设计,主要考察了眼动人机界面中交互对象的不同空间排列方式及目标项位置对选择工效的影响,以期为设计和优化基于视线追踪的人机交互界面的布局提供心理学依据。所获得的主要结论如下：（1）在基于视线追踪的人机交互中,对象水平排列方式优于垂直排列方式;（2）不同对象排列方式影响目标项位置对作业时间的效应模式,对象水平排列时,作业时间随着目标位置右移而线性递增;垂直排列时,作业时间随目标位置下移以非线性方式递增;（3）目标项位置仅影响目标定位时间,目标激活时间不受对象空间排列方式和目标项位置的影响;（4）基于视线追踪的人机交互系统其对象排列方式以水平方式为宜     

线索类型对阈下注视线索效应的影响

实验结合连续闪烁抑制范式和线索化范式, 通过操纵直视面孔和斜视面孔的呈现方式, 考察了动静线索类型对注视线索效应的影响。结果表明：两种线索在阈上条件都能产生注视线索效应, 且动态线索诱发的效应更大; 无意识条件下有且仅有动态注视线索能诱发注视线索效应。这说明眼睛运动是产生阈下注视线索效应的必要条件; 眼睛运动会增强阈上注视线索效应, 静态注视线索效应依赖于意识。研究结果支持了社会知觉与心理理论交互模型。     

A study of impaired judgment of eye-gaze direction and related face-processing deficits in autism spectrum disorders

The purpose of this study was to examine whether individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) use the same cognitive strategies as typically developing individuals when processing eye-gaze direction. Subjects viewed pictures of whole faces, the eye region alone, and pairs of arrows presented for 40, 70, or 100 ms, and responded according to the direction the eyes were looking or the arrows pointing (left, right, or straight ahead). Experiment 1 demonstrated that typically developing adults (n = 41) were more accurate and showed shorter reaction times when judging direction of averted eye gaze in the context of the whole face than when only the eyes were visible (eye-region-alone condition). Furthermore, in the eye-region-alone condition participants were more accurate and faster at judging direct eye gaze than averted eye gaze. The same task was used in experiment 2 to compare the performance of a group of individuals with ASD (n = 24) with that of a group of IQ-matched typically developing individuals (n = 26). The performance of the control participants was identical to that observed in experiment 1. Individuals with ASD were able to judge eye-gaze direction accurately at short exposure duration; however, they failed to show the typical advantage for judging averted gaze in whole faces and the increased sensitivity to direct gaze in the eye-region-alone condition. The findings are discussed in terms of impairments to discrete gaze-processing and face-processing mechanisms, and the connectivity between these mechanisms.     

Young children show a dissociation in looking and pointing behavior in falling events

Studies of social cognitive reasoning have demonstrated instances of children engaging in eye gaze patterns toward correct answers even when pointing or verbal responses are directed toward incorrect answers. Findings such as these have spawned seminal theories, yet no consensus has been reached regarding the characteristics of the knowledge guiding these responses. We tested 2-year-olds’ eye gaze and pointing behavior in an occluded falling event to examine these behaviors within the domain of physical reasoning. In the simplest variant of the task, all children showed correct gaze to the final location of a ball dropped down a curved tube, but only a subset of these children pointed to the correct location. (Others pointed reliably to a location directly below the release point.) With two tubes, all children directed the majority of looking and pointing responses to this erroneous location. The findings are considered in relation to existing models of representational change.