社交媒体信任对重大突发公共卫生事件中公众网络谣言自治行为的影响

从社会心理学视角、以社交媒体信任为切入点,基于新冠肺炎疫情,考察公众在重大突发公共卫生事件中网络谣言自治行为的心理机制。采用问卷方法对963名成年居民进行调查。结果表明:(1)公众对官方社交媒体的信任既能直接促进公众的辟谣行为,也能通过增强公众对战胜疫情的信心产生间接影响;(2)公众对官方社交媒体的信任影响公众对自媒体的信任,但自媒体信任不能独立于官媒信任影响辟谣行为。因此,我国社交媒体存在着两个舆论场且官方舆论占主导地位,及时、有效的官方报道不仅能提高公众对战胜疫情的信心,也能促进公众网络谣言自治,进而实现网络谣言治理主体的多元化。     

风险来源与决策:背信规避现象及人际联结需求的作用

经典的风险决策研究及相关理论模型关注人们如何对以不同概率出现的损益结果进行评价与选择,但很少区分和探究在相同概率和损益值下不同风险来源对决策的影响。事实上,决策情境中的风险既可能源自客观因素,也可能源自人为因素。与相同大小的客观风险相比,人们更规避人为风险,这种现象被称为"背信规避"。本研究采用信任博弈任务,通过最小可接受概率法和决策选择法两种方式探讨风险来源对决策冒险性的影响。结果发现:(1)中国被试存在"背信规避"现象,即对人为风险的规避程度高于客观风险;(2)当恐惧情绪被唤起时,被试对人为风险的规避程度降低,使得背信规避现象消失,甚至出现"反背信规避"倾向;(3)人际联结需求影响背信规避,人为风险下人际联结需求中介了恐惧情绪对决策冒险性的影响。上述结果有助于加深我们对风险来源影响决策的现象及其机制的理解。     

伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的影响机制:多层次视角

伦理型领导是近年来国外内理论研究与管理实践关注的焦点之一。然而,以往有关伦理型领导与员工反生产行为关系的研究并不多见,更缺乏探讨不同层次伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的作用机制。立足于中国特有的文化背景和社会现实,从多层次视角研究伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的影响机制,具体包括三个内容:(1)高层伦理型领导对群体反生产行为的影响机制,重点检验伦理文化的中介作用和组织结构的调节作用;(2)中国文化背景下高层伦理型领导影响员工反生产行为的"瀑布效应",以及权力距离导向的调节作用;(3)基层伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的影响机制,重点检验领导信任和领导认同的中介作用,以及传统性和道德同一性的调节作用。探讨不同层次伦理型领导对员工反生产行为的作用机制,不仅可以丰富和发展伦理型领导与反生产行为的理论体系,对组织如何培养和指导伦理型领导工作也可以提供有效的策略和方法。     

动态决策模型下情绪对风险决策的影响*

通过静态-动态决策模型的创设,考察了不同构造情境下心境、即时性诱发情绪对风险决策行为的影响。实验结果表明:(1)静态决策模型和动态决策模型下风险决策行为有着显著不同,相对于静态决策,动态决策模型下被试的风险决策行为更显保守;(2)不同心境在静态-动态决策模型下对风险决策行为的影响不同;(3)诱发情绪在动态决策模型中能对风险决策行为产生影响,恐惧情绪促使被试在动态决策中趋于保守。     

不同情绪调节方式对记忆的影响

个体的情绪调节与其认知的关系是近年来情绪和认知领域中一个重要的前沿研究热点。本研究则通过两个阶段的实验,较系统地探讨了两种情绪调节分类下的四种情绪调节方式（原因调节——评价忽视和评价重视,反应调节——表情抑制和表情宣泄;减弱调节——评价忽视和表情抑制,增强调节——评价重视和表情宣泄）对记忆（视觉和听觉记忆）及记忆评价（即元记忆,视觉和听觉元记忆）的影响。结果表明：(1)评价忽视和评价重视对记忆没有影响;表情抑制和表情宣泄对记忆影响显著（表情抑制影响了听觉记忆,表情宣泄影响了视觉和听觉记忆）;(2)评价忽视、评价重视和表情宣泄对元记忆没有影响;而表情抑制影响听觉元记忆;(3)不同情绪调节方式对记忆的影响无性别和专业上的差异,但对元记忆虽无性别差异上的影响,却存在专业上的差异。总之,个体不同的情绪调节方式会对记忆和元记忆产生不同影响     

守正修德：网络谣言的伦理焦虑及其消解机制

随着互联网的兴起,网络谣言变得俯拾皆是。作为社会转型期的一种伴生物,网络谣言在某些时候虽然有利于帮助了解舆情和表达民意,但更多时候却扰乱了社会公序良俗,不仅引发了社会信任危机,破坏了社会公德,还加剧了现代人的价值迷失与精神困顿。在中国特定的社会背景下,网络谣言之所以如此泛滥,与社会矛盾和风险引发的心态失衡、官方信息处理机制的政治伦理缺失、网络媒体商业利益与道德责任的失衡以及网民道德主体的缺失与价值理念的偏差有着直接关联。因此,我们应该转变思路,将网络谣言纳入到伦理语境中,对其进行深刻的观照,并回归到日常生活世界,建立相应的伦理机制,积极进行伦理救赎,消解网络谣言引发的伦理焦虑,从而维护我们共同的网络道德净土。     

情绪和任务框架对自我和预期他人决策时风险偏好的影响

两个实验考察了情绪和任务框架对自我和预期他人决策时风险偏好的影响。结果表明:(1)获益框架下,悲伤情绪比愉悦情绪诱发更强的风险偏好,自我决策比预期他人决策表现出更强的风险偏好;(2)损失框架下,愉悦情绪比悲伤情绪诱发更强的风险偏好,预期他人决策比自我决策表现出更强的风险偏好;(3)在自我决策时,愉悦情绪在损失框架下比在获益框架下诱发了更强的风险偏好,悲伤情绪在获益框架下比在损失框架下诱发了更强的风险偏好;在预期他人决策时,无论是愉悦情绪还是悲伤情绪,损失框架均比获益框架诱发了更强的风险偏好。     

学习困难学生问题行为及其影响因素的研究

采用问卷法,探讨了学习困难学生的违纪行为、情绪困扰,情绪困扰与注意障碍的关系,以及问题行为与应激的关系.结果表明:(1)在违纪行为、注意及多动问题评定中,无论是教师评价,还是家长评定,学习困难学生(学困生)的得分均显著高于学习优秀学生(学优生);在情绪评定中,教师评价显示,学困生的情绪困扰显著高于学优生;(2)教师评价时,注意问题与情绪困扰的相关显著,但多动因子则与情绪困扰关系不大;(3)在正性应激量上,学优生高于学困生,未出现显著差异;而在负性应激量上,学困生的得分显著高于学优生;(4)负性应激量对情绪和注意问题的预测作用显著,但对违纪行为预测作用不明显,而正性应激量对情绪和注意问题以及违纪行为预测作用均不明显.     

基于视听双通道的音乐情绪冲突效应及优势通道研究

为探讨基于视听双通道的音乐情绪冲突效应、冲突情境下的优势加工通道和音乐经验对结果的影响,本研究采用音乐表演视频为材料,比较音乐组和非音乐组被试在一致型和不一致型视听双通道下的情绪评定速度、准确性及强度。结果发现:(1)一致型条件下的情绪评定更准确且更强烈;(2)不一致型条件下,被试更多以听觉通道的情绪线索为依据进行情绪类型评定;(3)非音乐组被试比音乐组被试更依赖视觉通道的情绪线索。结果表明:通道间情绪信息的不一致阻碍了音乐情绪加工; 听觉通道是音乐情绪冲突情境下的优势加工通道; 音乐经验降低了情绪冲突效应对音乐组被试的干扰。     

谣言传播的影响因素及动机机制研究述评

谣言是指一种据称真实但未经证实的普遍流传的说法。谣言会通过社会成员之间的信息传递而影响公众的态度和行为。谣言在传播过程中,既受到个体水平上的认知和情绪变量的影响,也受到群体变量及情境变量的影响。个体传播谣言的心理动机包括寻求事实、关系提升和自我提升。谣言在突发公共事件（自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等）中具有很大的破坏性,在群体性事件中谣言的传播、扩散会使矛盾更加激化,冲突进一步升级。未来的研究需要进一步探查影响谣言传播的群体因素,从群体动力学的角度探究谣言传播的心理机制,并考虑谣言在突发社会事件中传播的特征。     

Perceived Risks and Benefits in a Text Message Study of Substance Abuse and Sexual Behavior

To inform ethical procedures for human subjects research using mobile health (mHealth), we examined perceived risks and benefits of study participation among emerging adults (N = 54) with drug use who completed text message assessments of substance use and sexual behaviors. Most participants reported comfort with participation and some reported perceived benefits, such as improved relationships. Perceived risks were infrequently reported, including negative emotions and legal or financial concerns. In conclusion, participants from a vulnerable population reported few perceived harms of participation in longitudinal mHealth assessments of sensitive behaviors. Researchers should continue characterizing participants’ perspectives on ethical aspects of mHealth research.     

Appraising the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework

This article considers the consumer research implications of the Appraisal‐Tendency Framework (ATF; Han, Lerner, & Keltner, 2007). This article outlines how the ATF approach could be applied to sequential consumer choices (e.g., effects of emotional responses to stockouts on later decisions) and high‐stakes decisions (e.g., medical decisions). This article also proposes several areas in which the ATF might be extended: examining complex sequences of choices with emotional consequences, considering how incidental and integral emotions interact, characterizing how both evaluative and regulatory mechanisms may influence the effects of emotion on judgment and choice, and extending the range of positive emotions and appraisal dimensions considered.     

Blinded by anger or feeling the love: how emotions influence advice taking

Across 2 experiments, the authors demonstrate that emotional states influence how receptive people are to advice. The focus of these experiments is on incidental emotions, emotions triggered by a prior experience that is irrelevant to the current situation. The authors demonstrate that people who feel incidental gratitude are more trusting and more receptive to advice than are people in a neutral emotional state, and people in a neutral state are more trusting and more receptive to advice than are people who feel incidental anger. In these experiments, greater receptivity to advice increased judgment accuracy. People who felt incidental gratitude were more accurate than were people in a neutral state, and people in a neutral state were more accurate than were people who felt incidental anger. The results offer insight into how people use advice, and the authors identify conditions under which leaders, policy makers, and advisors may be particularly influential.     

Is guilt an emotion?

Abstract

When unequivocal examples of emotion adjectives occur in the linguistic context of “being” (e.g. being angry) they can be seen to refer to emotions as readily as when they occur in the linguistic context of “feeling” (e.g. feeling angry). This is not true of poor 'or non-examples of emotion words. A psycholinguistic analysis of this phenomenon is proposed, in the light of which it is suggested that words such as “abandoned” and “guilty” do not refer to emotions. The possibility that the word “guilty” has a distinct emotional sense meaning “feeling guilty” is discussed, and the implications of this proposal for theories of emotions are examined. Also discussed are the implications of the inclusion of poor or non-examples of emotions in lists of “basic” emotions. Data are presented indicating that many of the states that emotion theorists have included as emotions, and in some cases as “basic” emotions, are not generally rated as such, and that they fail to exhibit the patterns using the feel-be test that characterise unequivocal examples. It is suggested that a problem in delimiting the domain of theories of emotions may reside in a confusion between emotions on the one hand, and their typical causes and concomitants on the other.     

偶然情绪对决策的影响

情绪在决策领域中的引入曾历经过一个从刻意回避到日益重视的过程, 大量研究表明, 即使与决策本身无关的偶然情绪也会对人类的决策行为具有重要作用。本文通过梳理本领域的最新研究提出未来应注重考察：偶然情绪的影响条件、具体情绪的作用以及偶然情绪与可选项的情感属性对决策的交互影响。最后, 本文在情绪激发方法、情绪的操纵检测和决策任务实测等方面进行了总结并提出一点研究建议。     

Effects of discrete emotions on young children's ability to discern fantasy and reality

This study examined 3- to 5-year-olds' (N = 128; 54% girls) ability to discriminate emotional fantasy and reality. Children viewed images depicting fantastic or real events that elicited several emotions, reported whether each event could occur, and rated their emotional reaction to the image. Children were also administered the Play Behavior Questionnaire and Pretend Action Tasks to assess play behaviors. Findings revealed age-related improvements in performance and biases in judgment based on the emotion depicted. Children reported that happy fantastic events could occur significantly more often than frightening and angry fantastic events and that happy real events could occur significantly more often than frightening and angry real events. Children's emotional reactions to the images but not play behaviors were significantly related to their fantasy-reality distinctions. Implications for the relation between emotions and children's fantasy-reality distinctions are discussed.     

Effects of incidental positive emotion and cognitive reappraisal on affective responses to negative stimuli

Previous studies have identified two powerful ways to regulate emotional responses to a stressor: experiencing incidental positive emotions and using cognitive reappraisal to reframe the stressor. Several cognitive and motivational theories of positive emotion support the formulation that incidental positive emotions may facilitate cognitive reappraisal. To test the separate and interacting effects of positive emotions and cognitive reappraisal, we first adapted an established picture-based reappraisal paradigm by interspersing blocks of positive emotion inducing and neutral pictures. Across two pre-registered studies (Studies 1, 2), reappraisal effectively decreased self-reported negative emotions and increased self-reported positive emotions; however, experiencing incidental positive emotions did not facilitate reappraisal success. In another preregistered study (Study 3), we employed a more powerful positive emotion induction via virtual reality (VR), used a social stress anticipation task, and instructed participants to reappraise the anticipated stressor positively. Although there was a robust effect of the positive emotion induction (relative to the neutral induction) on feeling more positive emotions throughout stress anticipation, the results again indicated that incidental positive emotions did not facilitate cognitive reappraisal. We propose that incidental positive emotions and cognitive reappraisal may constitute separate pathways of influence when regulating one's responses to negative events.     

Emotion differentiation moderates aggressive tendencies in angry people: A daily diary analysis

Anger is commonly associated with aggression. Inefficient anger-coping strategies increase negative affect and deplete the regulatory resources needed to control aggressive impulses. Factors linked with better emotion regulation may then weaken the relationship between anger and aggression. The current work explored one factor associated with emotion regulation-differentiating one's emotions into discrete categories-that may buffer angry people from aggression. Three diary studies (N = 628) tested the hypothesis that emotion differentiation would weaken the relationship between anger and aggression. In Study 1, participants high in emotion differentiation reported less daily aggressive tendencies when angry, compared to low differentiators. In Study 2, compared to low differentiators, high differentiators reported less frequent provocation in daily life and less daily aggression in response to being provoked and feeling intense anger. Study 3 showed that high daily emotional control mediated the interactive effect of emotion differentiation and anger on aggression. These results highlight the importance of considering how angry people differentiate their emotions in predicting their aggressive responses to anger.     

Emotional effect of physical aggression among adults in the general population in a Canadian province

The emotional effect of personal involvement in physical aggression was examined in a random sample of 1,753 adults from Ontario, Canada, using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (response rate of 67%). Respondents reported a range of emotional responses from feeling good or justified to feeling angry, upset, terrified, disgusted, hurt, and embarrassed. Open-ended responses regarding emotional response were rated by the authors for 149 incidents of aggression, which yielded five categories: (1) positive impact 4%, (2) no feeling or no effect 31%, (3) mildly negative 20%, (4) moderately negative 28%, and (5) severely negative 17% (Kappa statistic of interrater agreement=.77). The substantial proportion of incidents involving positive or no emotional response suggests that a greater understanding of aggression among individuals can be gained by the development and application of a quantitative measure of emotional response that reflects the full range of emotions (positive and negative), using dimensions identified in this study such as feeling upset, fear, and anger.