彩民命运控制与问题购彩的关系:基于意义维持模型的视角

中国彩民在购彩过程中表现出更多的命运控制信念,但是命运控制对我国彩民问题购彩的影响及其作用机制少有研究涉及。在意义维持模型的视角下,本研究构建了一个多重中介模型,考察命运控制对问题购彩的影响以及逃避动机、控制幻觉和预期在其中的作用机制。本研究采用问卷法对2241名体育彩民进行调查,结果发现:(1)命运控制、逃避动机、控制幻觉、预期和问题购彩呈显著正相关;(2)命运控制不仅可以直接预测问题购彩,还可以通过5条路径的间接作用影响彩民的问题购彩:逃避动机的中介作用,控制幻觉的中介作用,预期的中介作用,逃避动机和控制幻觉的序列中介作用,逃避动机和预期的序列中介作用。     

问题彩民的购彩心理与行为特征

问题彩民是指因购买彩票而对个人、家庭、组织及社会层面产生不良影响的一类彩民。问题彩民购彩心理与行为特征的研究主要包括人口学变量、购彩心理特征、购彩行为特征以及干预措施等方面。未来的研究应注意建构问题彩民购彩意向影响因素模型、采用跟踪调查和个案研究、探究问题彩民神经生理机制以及加强对问题彩民的干预研究。     

作弊为什么会传染?社会损失和作弊态度的中介作用

为了解释考试作弊的"传染"现象,研究探讨大学考试情境中他人作弊对观察者将来作弊意向的效应,假设他人作弊通过社会损失和作弊态度的链式中介作用对观察者将来作弊意向产生效应。研究采用他人作弊问卷、社会损失问卷、作弊态度问卷、将来作弊意向问卷,对765名在校大学生进行调查。在控制了性别、年级、第一次作弊的时间和经常作弊的开始时间之后,研究发现：（1）他人作弊正向预测观察者将来作弊意向;（2）社会损失在他人作弊和观察者将来作弊意向之间起中介作用;（3）社会损失与作弊态度在他人作弊与观察者将来作弊意向之间起链式中介作用。研究为理解考试作弊的"传染"现象及其内在机制提供了有价值的视角。     

农村幼儿教师付出-回报失衡与离职意向的关系：内部人身份感知与组织犬儒主义的中介作用

为了探讨付出-回报失衡对农村幼儿教师离职意向的影响机制。采用付出-回报失衡量表、离职意向量表、内部人身份感知量表和组织犬儒主义量表对670名在职农村幼儿教师进行测试。结果发现：(1)付出-回报失衡、内部人身份感知、组织犬儒主义和农村幼儿教师离职意向水平彼此之间显著性相关;(2)付出-回报失衡可以显著预测农村幼儿教师离职意向水平;(3)付出-回报失衡可以通过内部人身份感知和组织犬儒主义形成的链式中介作用预测农村幼儿教师离职意向水平。因此,内部人身份感知和组织犬儒主义在付出-回报失衡与农村幼儿教师离职意向的关系中起到链式中介作用。     

创业环境与大学生创业意向的关系:有调节的中介模型

本研究提出一个有调节的中介模型,揭示了创业环境"怎样"影响大学生创业意向及这种影响"何时"更强或更弱。采用创业环境量表、创业动机量表、创业意向量表对647名大学生进行研究。研究显示:(1)创业动机在创业环境与大学生创业意向之间起部分中介作用;(2)性别调节了创业环境通过创业动机影响大学生创业意向的中介过程的前半路径。因此,创业环境对大学生创业意向的影响是有调节的中介效应,研究结论对提高大学生的创业意向具有重要的理论与实证价值。     

情绪智力对大学生创业意向的影响:成就动机和创业自我效能感的链式中介作用

为探讨情绪智力、成就动机、创业自我效能感和大学生创业意向之间的关系。使用情绪智力量表、成就动机量表、创业自我效能感量表和创业意向量表对986名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)成就动机中介了情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间的关系。(2)创业自我效能感中介了成就动机与大学生创业意向间的关系。(3)创业自我效能感中介了情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间的关系。(4)成就动机和创业自我效能感在情绪智力与大学生创业意向之间起链式中介作用。     

独特性需要与大学生手机成瘾的关系：焦虑和意志控制的链式中介作用

本研究基于最优独特性理论和网络成瘾的个人-情绪-认知-执行交互模型，考察独特性需要与大学生手机成瘾之间的关系以及焦虑和意志控制的链式中介作用。采用独特性需要问卷、GHQ-20量表中的焦虑分量表、意志控制量表以及手机成瘾量表对826名大学生(女生=526人，M_age=19.93,SD=1.38)进行测查。结果发现：(1)独特性需要与手机成瘾、焦虑呈正相关，与意志控制呈负相关；焦虑与意志控制呈负相关，与手机成瘾呈正相关；意志控制与手机成瘾呈负相关；(2)焦虑和意志控制在独特性需要和手机成瘾之间的单独中介作用均显著；且焦虑、意志控制的链式中介作用也显著。本研究的结果表明，独特性需要既可以直接与大学生手机成瘾产生联系，也可以分别经由焦虑、意志控制的中介作用、以及两者的链式中介作用与大学生手机成瘾产生联系。本研究的结果支持并拓展了I-PACE模型，并为手机成瘾的预防和干预提供了新的方向。     

基于QQ空间的社交网站使用对青少年抑郁的影响:上行社会比较和自尊的序列中介作用

为探讨社交网站(QQ空间)使用对青少年抑郁的影响及其作用机制,在社会比较和抑郁易感性模型的视角下,采用社交网站使用强度问卷、上行社会比较问卷、自尊量表和抑郁量表,对964名中学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)在控制了性别、年龄以及社交网站使用年限后,社交网站使用对抑郁和社交网站中的上行社会比较都有显著的正向预测作用;(2)社交网站使用能通过社交网站中的上行社会比较和自尊的中介作用对抑郁产生影响,且该中介作用包含了两条路径——上行社会比较的单独中介作用以及上行社会比较-自尊的链式中介作用。本研究揭示了社交网站使用与抑郁的关系及其作用机制,深化了社交网站使用对个体影响的研究。     

家庭收入与青少年睡眠质量的关系:歧视知觉、自尊的链式中介作用

本研究探讨家庭收入与青少年睡眠质量的关系以及歧视知觉、自尊在其中的中介作用。采用家庭收入问卷、歧视知觉问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)与匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)对广东省某地区两所中学1053名青少年进行匿名施测。结果发现:(1)以PSQI得分≥8作为睡眠问题的参考界值,青少年睡眠问题的检出率为15.60%;(2)歧视知觉、自尊在家庭收入与青少年睡眠质量关系中起链式中介作用。因此,家庭收入既直接影响青少年的睡眠质量,又通过歧视知觉、自尊的链式中介作用影响青少年的睡眠质量。     

不作为惰性的影响机制:有中介的调节模型

本研究旨在考察前后机会比较对不作为惰性的影响,探索社会比较的调节作用以及预期作为后悔和价值评估的中介作用。本研究采用问卷法和实验法,以842名大学生为研究对象进行调查,采用Bootstrap方法对中介效应进行分析。结果显示:(1)社会比较在前后机会比较与不作为惰性之间的调节效应显著;(2)预期作为后悔和价值评估在前后机会比较与不作为惰性之间起中介作用。(3)社会比较的调节效应以预期作为后悔和价值评估为中介变量。     

"It Could Be Us!": Cognitive and Social Psychological Factors in UK National Lottery Play

This study examines the cognitive and social psychological factors underlying UK National Lottery play. A total of 384 respondents were asked about their own lottery playing behaviours, their knowledge of lottery odds and their beliefs about the role of skill, chance, luck and optimism in lottery play. Using hypothetical scenarios, respondents were also asked to rate the likelihood of winning the lottery jackpot (matching all six numbers) with number combinations reflecting different levels of apparent randomness, previous matches, near misses and prize size manipulations. Frequency of lottery play was found to be positively correlated with age, income, Instants scratchcard play, gambling on horse/greyhound racing, the football pools, and bingo as well as with beliefs about skill, luck and optimism. Frequency of lottery play was negatively correlated with general education and estimate of relative win likelihoods based on the perceived randomness of number combinations. Planned contrasts revealed that compared to individual (non‐syndicate) players, syndicate lottery players played more regularly and gambled more on the football pools. Results are discussed in the light of current cognitive theories surrounding the misperception of probability and their relation to lottery play and in the need for future models to recognise the social factors inherent in syndicate‐based lottery participation.     

Social Cognitive Determinants of Blood Donation

This article reports two studies designed to test a theory of planned behavior-based model of blood donation. In Study 1 ( n = 136), self-efficacy and self-identity accounted for unique variance in behavioral intention. Study 2 ( n = 172) extended Study 1: self-efficacy, perceived control over behavior (PCB), self-identity, and moral norm were all independently predictive of intention; behavioral intention predicted a proxy measure of behavioral enaction. Both studies provided evidence to support a distinction between self-efficacy and PCB, and for the inclusion of self-identity and moral norm into the model. Belief-based measures discriminated intenders from nonintenders, and beliefs that accounted for unique variance in self-efficacy and PCB were identified. The findings are discussed in relation to using models such as the theory of planned behavior to intervene in social and health behaviors.     

Impact of perceived value on casual mobile game loyalty: The moderating effect of intensity of playing

The retention rate of mobile game players is one of the subjects that spark most interest in the industry, as many abandon the games only a few hours after downloading them. This study examines the antecedents of loyalty towards mobile games from the perspective of perceived value and explores the moderating effect of intensity of playing. The results revealed that hedonic value (i.e., perceived enjoyment and perceived attractiveness) and, to a lesser extent, utilitarian value (i.e., effort expectancy and perceived usefulness) are crucial in the loyalty that players feel towards mobile games. Intensity of playing weakens the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment and loyalty intention. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications are provided.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS AND BELIEFS: A PROBABILISTIC MODEL1

Based on mathematical probability theory, a model of the relationship between beliefs and behavioral intention was proposed and tested. In Experiment 1, subjects indicated their beliefs about the consequences of smoking cigarettes as well as their intention to smoke cigarettes. When combined according to the proposed model the average correlation between predicted and obtained behavioral intention was .78 (p<.01). In Experiment 2, implications of the model for changing behavioral intentions were examined. Subjects were presented a hypothetical election campaign between two candidates. Intentions to vote for a given candidate were measured prior to and after presentation of information about some of the candidates' political views. Using the proposed model of intention, the predicted and observed changes in voting intentions were correlated .72 (p<.01). Implications of the model for theories of social behavior and persuasion were discussed.     

Personality,gambling motives and cognitive distortions in electronic gambling machine players

This study examined gambling motives, distorted beliefs about gambling, and personality traits in a paid community sample of frequent electronic gambling machine (EGM) players from Manitoba, Canada. Participants completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index, the Gambling Motives Questionnaire, the Informational Biases Scale, and the NEO PI-R in group testing sessions. The Five Factor Model facets of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were divided into ‘aspects’ that align with self-regulation and the Behavioral Approach and Inhibition systems of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. Regression analysis found that problem gambling severity scores were independently predicted by older age, being female, having distorted gambling beliefs, and by gambling to win money and to cope with negative emotional states. Problem gambling scores were also correlated positively with Withdrawal (N) and Volatility (N), and negatively with Enthusiasm (E), Compliance (A), and Industriousness (C). Mediation tests found that low scores on the Industriousness facet of Conscientiousness were associated with increased problem gambling severity through an effect on the gambling to cope motive. Distorted beliefs about gambling also mediated low Industriousness, as well as high Withdrawal and Volatility. Poor self-regulation and avoidance motivation contribute to problem gambling among frequent EGM players through increased cognitive distortion and escapism.     

The theory of planned behavior

Research dealing with various aspects of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985 and Ajzen, 1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these relations is still uncertain. Expectancy-value formulations are found to be only partly successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory's sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.     

Resolving the theory of planned behaviour's 'expectancy-value muddle' using dimensional salience

The theory of planned behaviour is one of the most widely used models of decision-making in the health literature. Unfortunately, the primary method for assessing the theory's belief-based expectancy-value models results in statistically uninterpretable findings, giving rise to what has become known as the 'expectancy-value muddle'. Moreover, existing methods for resolving this muddle are associated with various conceptual or practical limitations. This study addresses these issues by identifying and evaluating a parsimonious method for resolving the expectancy-value muddle. Three hundred and nine Australian residents aged 18-24 years rated the expectancy and value of 18 beliefs about posthumous organ donation. Participants also nominated their five most salient beliefs using a dimensional salience approach. Salient beliefs were perceived as being more likely to eventuate than non-salient beliefs, indicating that salient beliefs could be used to signify the expectancy component. The expectancy-value term was therefore represented by summing the value ratings of salient beliefs, an approach that predicted attitude (adjusted R2?=?0.21) and intention (adjusted R2?=?0.21). These findings suggest that the dimensional salience approach is a useful method for overcoming the expectancy-value muddle in applied research settings.     

Long ago it was meant to be: the interplay between time, construal, and fate beliefs

Fate means that an event was meant to be, that is, predetermined by prior unseen forces. Most people believe in fate, which seems at odds with similarly pervasive beliefs that alternative past actions would have brought about different circumstances (i.e., counterfactual beliefs). Two experiments revealed that construal level accounts for the relative plausibility of fate versus counterfactual explanations. Construal was manipulated in Experiment 1, such that goal pursuits framed in abstract ("why?") as opposed to concrete ("how?") terms heightened fate but not counterfactual attributions. Extending this finding, Experiment 2 showed that fate judgments were higher for temporally distant than recent past events, an effect mediated by construal perceptions. Neither counterfactual nor luck judgments varied with temporal distance. These findings help to explain how individuals explain complicated yet meaningful life events while extending the reach of Trope and Liberman's (2003) construal-level theory.     

Negative Beliefs as a Moderator of the Intention–Behavior Relationship: Decisions to Use Performance-Enhancing Substances

The theory of reasoned action framework was used to examine performance-enhancing substance use among a sample of college athletes in a prospective longitudinal design. Results indicate that attitudes and subjective norms predicted intention to use the substances, and these intentions predicted actual substance use 6 weeks later. A statistically significant interaction emerged between negative beliefs and intentions predicting behavior such that as negative beliefs grew increasingly negative, the intention–behavior relationship became stronger. Practical and theoretical implications of the influence of negative information on the intention–behavior relationship are discussed.