当前阅读的眼动研究范式述评

目前, 阅读的眼动研究中常用的实验研究范式包括移动窗口范式、移动掩蔽范式、边界范式、快速启动范式、消失文本范式和视觉—情境范式等。本文详细介绍了这些实验范式的具体实验操作程序、内在的实验逻辑关系及相应的研究成果, 同时总结了在应用各种眼动范式时需要注意的问题。另外, 本文对阅读的眼动研究范式的应用前景进行了展望：(1)眼动研究范式在验证当前阅读的眼动理论模型中的作用; (2)不同眼动研究范式的有效结合及其在场景知觉等研究领域的迁移; (3)眼动研究范式和电生理/脑成像技术的结合; (4)眼动研究范式在中文阅读研究中的应用。     

汉语词汇语音中介效应的眼动研究

使用美国应用科学实验室生产的504型眼动仪,采用语音中介启动范式,对汉语词汇识别是否存在语音中介效应进行考察。结果发现：（1）被试对语音中介词的首次注视点持续时间、凝视时间均显著高于控制条件;（2）当语音中介词为低频词时,被试对语音中介启动词的总注视时间显著高于控制类型;（3）语音中介类型的正确率显著低于控制类型;（4）实验结果表明,汉语词汇识别中存在语音中介效应。     

句法启动研究的范式及其在语言理解中的争论

重复是一种非常重要的行为现象。在心理语言学领域, 句法启动是重复的一种非常独特的表现形式, 有助于推进研究者更好地理解语言是如何表征和加工的。在系统梳理文献的基础上, 归纳了句法启动研究使用的句子类型, 详细阐述了句法启动研究的实验范式, 即句子复述－图片描述范式、句子补全范式、句子回忆范式和视觉情境眼动范式, 指出了不同范式的优缺点; 系统探讨了语言理解中句法启动研究的核心争论, 即句子理解中的启动是策略的, 语义的, 还是句法的; 如果存在句法启动效应, 那么该效应是词汇驱动的, 还是词汇独立的。最后, 对语言理解中句法启动效应在未来研究中需解决的问题进行了展望。     

利用视觉情境范式揭示口语加工的时间进程

视觉情境范式是一种通过追踪、测量人眼在视觉物体上的注视轨迹来研究实时口语加工的眼动实验范式。该范式运用于语言理解类研究的理论基础是眼动连接假设(如:协同互动理论、基于目标的连接假设理论等),这些连接假设在眼动轨迹与口语加工进程之间建立起了有意义的关联。使用视觉情境范式所获取的数据能够为口语加工提供精确的时间信息,常用的数据分析方法包括:时间兴趣区内注视比例均值分析、分叉点分析、生长曲线分析等。该范式为研究词汇语音识别、句法解歧、语义理解、语篇语用信息加工等问题提供了关键性证据。     

嵌套词汉字位置加工的亚词边界效应

使用眼动追踪技术，采用边界范式，考察了三字嵌套词的汉字位置加工是否存在亚词边界效应。实验以三字前嵌套词（如“历史系”）和三字后嵌套词（如“核技术”）为靶子，对次字和尾字进行操纵（相同、转置和替换）。结果发现：对于前嵌套词，靶子的注视时间在替换条件显著长于转置条件，相同条件和转置条件差异不显著；对于后嵌套词，靶子的注视时间在转置条件显著长于相同条件，替换条件和转置条件差异不显著。结果表明：跨亚词边界汉字转置不影响词汇识别，而亚词首字转置干扰词汇识别。     

中文词汇切分对眼动数据的影响

该研究使用眼动研究中的“边界”技术范式,材料中的关键词为前两个字为双字词的三字词,如“服务员”,和非三字词,如“服务体”,考察可能存在的中文词汇切分策略对眼动时间指标的影响。实验使用2×2被试内设计,第一个因素是三字词的词频：高频和低频,第二个因素为不同词频条件下的非三字词基线。实验结果是三字词预视条件下的注视时间短于非三字词预视条件下的注视时间。结果表明自然阅读中的词汇切分策略确实存在,并且可以在眼动的时间指标上表现出来,结果还暗示在词汇切分过程中,读者在心理词典中对三字词的搜索是必需的过程。     

蒙语词汇识别中语音自动激活的ERP研究

采用快速掩蔽启动范式、Go/No-go范式和事件相关电位（ERP）技术,探讨蒙语词汇识别过程中语音自动激活的时程及对语义通达的作用。实验中要求被试执行一个额外的语义分类任务,对关键刺激不做明显的行为反应。结果发现,SOA为67ms时,语音启动在头皮的额区诱发了明显的P150和N400成分;SOA为167ms时,语音启动在头皮的额区和中央区诱发了明显的P200成分,在整个大脑皮层诱发了明显的N400成分。结果表明,语音在蒙语词汇识别的早期自动激活并促进语义的通达。     

“内在”与“外在”谁更加重要?相貌与人格词汇认知加工的眼动研究

研究采用迫选实验范式,以43名大学生作为被试,采用眼动技术探究相貌和人格词汇认知加工的眼动模式。眼动结果发现:注视积极相貌词汇的总注视时间长于积极人格词汇的时间;注视消极相貌词汇的时间长于注视消极人格词汇的时间,注视点也更多;被试注视积极相貌词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸大于注视积极人格词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸,注视消极相貌词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸大于消极人格词汇的平均瞳孔尺寸。结果表明相貌和人格词汇认知加工的早期阶段不存在显著差异,晚期阶段存在显著差异;相比于内在人格而言,被试可能更加看重外在的相貌。     

先前语境与随后副中央凹预视在词跳读中的相对作用

词跳读促使了阅读高效地进行。被跳读的词主要根据前文语境和副中央凹预视提前得到加工。分析跳读的影响因素可知,相比于语境因素（特别是预测性）和副中央凹词汇因素（如词频）,副中央凹词的视觉词长信息对跳读的影响最大。跳读密切联系当前眼动控制的两大内容,理想的阅读眼动控制模型需区别语境不同信息（即预测性、语义合理性和句法合理性）对跳读的作用。未来可扩展中文跳读的研究,解决中文跳读单元问题及相关争论。     

汉语句子理解中句法启动机制的眼动和ERP研究

语言产生的句法启动效应在近20年得到较深入研究。那么, 语言理解和语言产生中, 句法启动效应具有相同的加工机制吗？近些年, 研究者考察了印欧语系语言理解中的启动效应, 但还存在较多争论。这究竟是句法效应, 还是策略或者语义效应, 是词汇驱动还是词汇独立的？而且, 这是人类语言理解的语系特性还是普遍特性？单独采用行为技术、眼动技术或者ERP技术很难为这些争论提供坚实的实验证据和较深入的理论解释。鉴于此, 本项目拟采用眼动和ERP结合的技术, 从心理学、语言学和认知神经科学等多学科交叉的视角考查汉语句子理解的句法启动效应。通过分析眼动和ERP实验提供的一致性和差异性证据, 本项目力图阐明和揭示汉语句子理解中句法启动效应的认知特点和机制, 检验内隐学习理论和论元结构理论在解释句法启动效应时的适用性。     

Fast priming during eye fixations in reading.

Near-threshold primes were "flashed" in a target location prior to the onset of a target word while Ss read. The type and duration of the prime were manipulated. In Exp. 1, identical, related, and unrelated primes were presented for 60, 45, or 30 ms from onset of an eye fixation. The prime was then replaced with the target word, which remained in place while Ss finished reading the sentence. Fixation time on the target word was measured. Exp. 2 replicated Exp. 1, with two exceptions: A random letter string replaced the identical prime condition, and prime durations of 39, 30, or 21 ms were used. In both experiments, significant priming effects (related vs. unrelated) were obtained when the prime was presented for 30 ms. Results are discussed with regard to subliminal priming effects. Applications to the study of word recognition processes are also discussed.     

Word frequency in fast priming: Evidence for immediate cognitive control of eye movements during reading

Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime–target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading.     

Activation of phonological codes during eye fixations in reading.

Two experiments addressed the issue of whether phonological codes are activated early in a fixation during reading using the fast-priming technique (S. C. Sereno & K. Rayner, 1992). Participants read sentences and, at the beginning of the initial fixation in a target location, a priming letter string was displayed, followed by the target word. Phonological priming was assessed by the difference in the gaze duration on the target word between when the prime was a homophone and when it was a control word equated with the homophone on orthographic similarity to the target. Both experiments demonstrated homophonic priming with prime durations of about 35 ms, but only for high-frequency word primes, indicating that lexicality was guiding the speed of the extraction of phonological codes early in a fixation. Evidence was also obtained for orthographic priming, and the data suggest that orthographic and phonological priming effects interact in a mutually facilitating manner.     

The time course of phonological, semantic, and orthographic coding in reading: Evidence from the fast-priming technique

The present experiment employed the fast-priming paradigm in reading (Sereno & Rayner, 1992), in which sentences are silently read while eye-movement-contingent changes are made on a specified target region. In this paradigm, when readers fixate on a specified target word region, a prime word is encountered for a brief duration at the beginning of the fixation and then it is replaced by a target word. Three types of primes were employed:homophones, semantically related, andorthographically similar, and five prime durations were employed: 29, 32, 35, 38, and 41 msec. The primary finding was that significant homophone priming was obtained at prime durations ranging from 29 to 35 msec, whereas significant semantic priming occurred only at the 32-msec prime duration. In contrast, significant orthographic priming occurred at all prime durations. These findings indicate that phonological codes are activated during an eye fixation at least as rapidly as semantic codes. An explanation for the pattern of events is suggested using the framework of an activation-verification model.     

Phonological codes are assembled before word fixation: evidence from boundary paradigm in sentence reading

This experiment employed the boundary paradigm during sentence reading to explore the nature of early phonological coding in reading. Fixation durations were shorter when the parafoveal preview was the correct word than when it was a spelling control pseudoword. In contrast, there was no significant difference between correct word and pseudohomophone previews. These results suggest that the phonological codes are assembled before word fixation and are used for lexical access. Moreover, there was evidence that orthographic codes influence the activation of word meaning. We found that fixation durations were shorter for orthographically similar parafoveal previews, and this orthographic priming effect is limited to pseudohomophones. Thus, it seems that both the orthographic and the phonological similarities of the parafoveal preview to the target play a part in the facilitative effects of the preview.     

Does interword spacing influence lexical processing in Chinese reading?

This study investigated how inserting spaces between Chinese words affected word recognition in Chinese reading. Eye movements of Chinese readers were recorded in a sentence reading task where high- and low-frequency target words were presented in both the spaced and normally unspaced texts. We found that fixation durations on target words were shorter in the high- than low-frequency conditions, and shorter in the spaced than unspaced conditions. The survival analysis revealed that interword spacing advanced the temporal onset of word frequency effects relative to the normally unspaced condition. However, inconsistent with the findings in English reading, there was no interaction between word frequency and interword spacing on all fixation duration measures, and the Bayes factor analyses also favoured the hypothesis of null interaction. These data suggest that interword spacing facilitates visual rather than lexical processing in Chinese reading, and thus improves our understanding on the roles of interword spacing across different writing systems.     

Lexical and sublexical processes in the perception of transposed-letter anagrams

Evidence from priming and lexical decision tasks suggests that nonwords created by transposing adjacent letter pairs (TL nonwords) are very effective in activating lexical representations of their base words, because the process of orthographic matching tolerates minor changes in letter position. However, this account disregards the possible role of sublexical processing in reading. TL nonwords are perceptually ambiguous, with lexical and sublexical processing giving rise to conflicting interpretations. The consequences of this ambiguity were investigated in a lexical decision experiment with primes that were either high or low bigram frequency TL versions of target words. Priming effects were much larger for low BF primes (e.g., pucnh-PUNCH) than for high BF primes (e.g., panit-PAINT). This finding is interpreted as evidence that lexical activation can be inhibited by competing output resulting from sublexical processing of TL letter string. We conclude that phonological processing is an important determinant of responses to TL stimuli, and we consider how this interpretation might be accommodated within the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model of word recognition.     

A dual-route perspective on eye movements of dyslexic readers

This study assessed eye movement abnormalities of adolescent dyslexic readers and interpreted the findings by linking the dual-route model of single word reading with the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during silent sentence reading. A dysfunction of the lexical route was assumed to account for a reduced number of words which received only a single fixation or which were skipped and for the increased number of words with multiple fixations and a marked effect of word length on gaze duration. This pattern was interpreted as a frequent failure of orthographic whole-word recognition (based on orthographic lexicon entries) and on reliance on serial sublexical processing instead. Inefficiency of the lexical route was inferred from prolonged gaze durations for singly fixated words. These findings were related to the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control. Slow activation of word phonology accounted for the low skipping rate of dyslexic readers. Frequent reliance on sublexical decoding was inferred from a tendency to fixate word beginnings and from short forward saccades. Overall, the linkage of the dual-route model of single word reading and a model of eye movement control led to a useful framework for understanding eye movement abnormalities of dyslexic readers.     

Form-priming effects in nonword naming

Form-priming effects from sublexical (syllabic or segmental) primes in masked priming can be accounted for in two ways. One is the sublexical pre-activation view according to which segments are pre-activated by the prime, and at the time the form-related target is to be produced, retrieval/assembly of those pre-activated segments is faster compared to an unrelated situation. However, it has also been argued that form-priming effects from sublexical primes might be due to lexical pre-activation. When the sublexical prime is presented, it activates all form-related words (i.e., cohorts) in the lexicon, necessarily including the form-related target, which-as a consequence-is produced faster than in the unrelated case. Note, however, that this lexical pre-activation account makes previous pre-lexical activation of segments necessary. This study reports a nonword naming experiment to investigate whether or not sublexical pre-activation is involved in masked form priming with sublexical primes. The results demonstrated a priming effect suggesting a nonlexical effect. However, this does not exclude an additional lexical component in form priming.     

汉语句子阅读理解中的语境效应

采用计算机快速系列视觉呈现技术,以反应时为指标,利用命名法,考察了汉语句子阅读中的语境效应。该研究表明：语境的作用机制是灵活的,它会随语境条件的变化而变化。在启动词与目标词语义联结弱的情况下,如果语境对目标词是一种低干扰,那么各模块之间彼此独立,一个模块不受另一个模块的影响;如果句法关系改变后的语境对目标词形成高干扰,各模块相互作用,不同语境对词汇通达有不同的作用。当启动词与目标词间有较强的语义联结时,语境效应主要来源于词与词之间的联结启动,这时的语境作用机制符合模块化理论;而当启动词与目标词间有较弱的语义联结时,随语境干扰强度的增加,目标词的词汇通达也随之增加,这时的语境作用机制则符合相互作用理论。