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1.
研究以32名小学儿童(平均年龄10.47岁,男生16人)为被试,采用唾液皮质醇为应激测验的客观指标、以被试主观紧张度为主观指标,考察特里尔社会应激测验对中国儿童皮质醇分泌的影响。结果表明:(1)社会应激测验任务引发儿童皮质醇浓度和主观紧张度的显著上升,任务后的恢复期皮质醇浓度和主观紧张度能够恢复到任务前的水平。(2)社会应激测验任务引发的男生皮质醇水平变化显著高于女生,但是引发的主观紧张度水平变化不存在显著性别差异。社会应激测验中文修订版能够有效引发儿童的压力应激变化,可以用其开展儿童社会应激的相关研究。  相似文献   

2.
广西中小学儿童受欺负现象调查研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
运用自编问卷在广西5所中小学选取792名中小学儿童进行调查,考察中小学儿童在学校和家庭中受同学、老师和家长欺负的比率及受欺负方式的特点。结果发现:1、中小学中存在普遍的受欺负现象,随着年龄的增长,儿童受欺负的比率呈下降趋势;但受教师和家长欺负到初中后反而呈上升趋势。2、儿童易受同伴的直接言语欺负;男生比女生易受同学直接身体欺负。3、儿童易受家长的直接言语欺负;小学阶段男生比女生易受家长的间接欺负;初中阶段女生比男生易受家长的直接身体欺负。4、教师对儿童较多使用间接欺负和直接身体欺负。小学阶段男生比女生易受教师的直接言语欺负;初中阶段男生比女生易受教师的直接身体欺负。  相似文献   

3.
童年中期儿童受欺负地位稳定性与社会能力的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本研究以522名小学二、三、四年级的儿童进行间隔1年(两次收集数据)的纵向研究,考察了儿童受欺负稳定性及其与社会能力的关系。结果表明:受欺负在小学儿童中十分常见,但并不是一种很稳定的现象,对大多数儿童来说,受欺负只是一种短暂的经历。在间隔1年的追踪研究中,只有大约6.6%的儿童被连续两次评定为受欺负者。重复测量方差分析发现,儿童的受欺负与社会能力发展有着密切的同时性关联;鉴别分析表明,同伴拒绝、退缩行为是区分儿童受欺负稳定性的两个最主要的社会能力变量。  相似文献   

4.
为进一步探讨青少年受欺负与抑郁之间的关系,采用流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和Olweus儿童欺负问卷(初中版)调查了城市初中生1485人(男生783人,女生702人)。结果表明:(1)受言语欺负的被试抑郁得分显著高于未受言语欺负的被试,受关系欺负的被试抑郁得分显著高于未受关系欺负的被试,受身体欺负的被试抑郁得分显著高于未受身体欺负的被试;(2)是否受关系欺负与是否受身体欺负之间存在显著的交互作用,具体来讲,对于未受关系欺负的被试组,受身体欺负和未受身体欺负的被试在抑郁得分上不存在显著差异,对于受关系欺负的被试组,受身体欺负的被试在抑郁得分上显著高于未受身体欺负的被试;(3)受欺负线性模型得到验证,即随着累积受欺负数量的增多,抑郁程度会呈现出线性函数的上升趋势。  相似文献   

5.
关于校内欺负行为中受欺负者研究的述评   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15       下载免费PDF全文
赵莉  雷雳 《心理科学进展》2003,11(6):668-674
该文从概念、研究方法、受欺负类型、研究对象的特点等方面,评述了关于中小学校同伴之间相互欺负中的受欺负者的研究,尤其是对自陈法、提名法、直接观察法、日记法、个体访谈法这些研究方法的利弊进行了分析;区分了受欺负的不同形式;归纳了家庭、同伴和学校风气对受欺负的影响,同时提出了研究中的一些问题,并对今后的研究方向作了一些探讨  相似文献   

6.
中小学生欺负/受欺负的普遍性与基本特点   总被引:34,自引:0,他引:34       下载免费PDF全文
张文新 《心理学报》2002,34(4):57-64
利用修订的Olweus欺负问卷对 92 0 5名城乡儿童进行了测查 ,考察初中和小学阶段儿童欺负 /受欺负问题的普遍性及基本特点。结果发现 :中小学生中存在着较严重的欺负问题 ,近 1/ 5被调查的儿童卷入欺负 /受欺负问题 ;总体上小学和初中阶段学生欺负 /受欺负问题的发生率随年级的升高而下降 ,但欺负他人在初中阶段具有稳定性 ;直接言语欺负是最为普遍的欺负方式 ;在欺负 /受欺负的比率、对待欺负态度和欺负类型上均存在性别差异。  相似文献   

7.
从四所小学的10个班中挑选出高欺负-受欺负班和低欺负-受欺负班,使用p*模型分析班内朋友关系的网络结构特点及其与欺负、受欺负的关系。结果发现:(1)低欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成开放性朋友关系结构,如边、2-星、3-星、4-星结构;高欺负-受欺负班级中的同伴关系网络倾向于形成闭合性朋友关系结构,如三角形、孤立者结构;(2)高、低欺负-受欺负班级中,欺负者均处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,且所处的关系结构位置与自身欺负水平的关联不显著;(3)受欺负者所处的关系结构位置与自身受欺负水平的关联也不显著,但是在低欺负-受欺负班中,受欺负者倾向处于同伴关系网络的边缘化位置,而高欺负-受欺负班中,部分受欺负者处于边缘化位置,部分受欺负者处于闭合性关系结构的核心位置。  相似文献   

8.
中学生受欺负状况与心理控制感的关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
该研究采用自陈问卷方法,考察了108名中学生的心理控制感与受欺负状况的关系。结果:在生活外控、社交内控、受身体欺负上,男高于女。高中生受身体欺负比初中生少,而未知控制更多。受社会性欺负与外部控制有正相关。受言语欺负与社交外控、生活外控、外部控制有正相关;与社交内控、躯体内控有负相关。受财产欺负与外部控制有正相关。外部控制对受社会性欺负、言语欺负和财产欺负有预测作用;躯体内控对受言语欺负有预测作用。  相似文献   

9.
研究以150名五、六年级的学生为被试,考察儿童版特里尔社会应激测试(TSST-C)对儿童客观生理反应(唾液皮质醇和唾液α-淀粉酶)和主观情绪反应的影响。结果发现,TSST-C引起了儿童显著的应激反应,包括皮质醇和唾液α-淀粉酶水平的升高,以及主观消极情绪(如焦虑和紧张)的增加,这表明TSST-C在中国儿童中的适用情况良好,能够有效诱发儿童的应激反应。同时,研究也发现,皮质醇反应和唾液α-淀粉酶反应不存在相关,生理反应和情绪反应之间也不存在相关。  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨家庭功能与青少年欺负和受欺负的关系,以及亲子依恋在其间的中介作用,研究采用家庭功能量表、亲子依恋量表、欺负和受欺负量表对452名青少年进行调查.结果发现:(1)家庭功能与亲子依恋呈显著正相关关系,与青少年欺负和受欺负呈显著负相关关系;亲子依恋与青少年欺负和受欺负呈显著负相关关系.(2)家庭功能通过亲子依恋间接影...  相似文献   

11.
HPA轴(下丘脑?垂体?肾上腺皮质轴, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis)是人类重要的应激内分泌轴, 静息与应激条件下HPA轴的机能障碍能引发应激相关疾病, 而HPA轴机能障碍的表现和原因并不明确。皮质醇作为HPA轴的终端产物能直接反映HPA轴活动, 唾液皮质醇优于其他生物样本皮质醇的特性使其成为测量HPA轴活动的最优指标, 因此寻找到合适的唾液皮质醇标识来反映静息与应激条件下的HPA轴调节变化, 能促进理解HPA轴机能障碍与疾病间的神经内分泌通路。近来研究常用的是以皮质醇觉醒反应(cortisol -awakening response, CAR)与特里尔社会应激测试(Trier social stress test, TSST)来分别表示静息与应激条件下的HPA轴活动。未来研究将结合应激反应的生理、心理指标, 进一步考察HPA轴调节的脑网络, 为应激反应提供脑-神经内分泌通路的生物基础。  相似文献   

12.
    
Evidence on the relationship between stress reactivity and sleep is conflicting. This study examined the association between disturbed sleep and perceived and endocrine stress reactivity independently of age, body mass index (BMI), and chronic stress. One hundred and twenty middle-aged men were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Perceived Stress Reactivity Scale were used to assess sleep and perceived stress reactivity, respectively. Endocrine stress reactivity was examined by assessing salivary cortisol levels. Regression analyses showed that men with disturbed sleep had blunted overall cortisol responses (= −18.246, = .044), but the association did not survive adjustment for age, BMI, and chronic stress. In contrast, poor sleep was associated with heightened perceived stress reactivity independently of age and BMI (= 0.235, = .005), but additional adjustment for chronic stress attenuated the relationship and only chronic stress remained a significant predictor of perceived stress reactivity (= 0.470, < .001). Cortisol and perceived stress reactivity were uncorrelated. In summary, our study indicates associations between sleep disturbances and stress reactivity were not independent of BMI and chronic stress levels, and endocrine and perceived stress reactivity were dissociated.  相似文献   

13.
特里尔社会应激测试技术的介绍以及相关研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
由于能有效地诱发个体的应激反应,特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)在实验室研究中受到普遍的应用。为了探测应激情境下的中央控制系统,蒙特利尔脑成像应激任务(Montreal Imaging Stress Test,MIST)对特里尔社会应激测试进行了发展和改进,为研究者提供了脑成像的研究手段。研究者基于此两种方法而进行了一系列有关应激的研究成果,在此基础上,作者提出了在中国开展实验室应激研究的可行性和初期研究方向。  相似文献   

14.
国外研究者认为高自尊个体的内控性高,因此其在心理性应激情境中的反应不那么强烈,而国内研究者从集体文化(中国)考虑,则认为高自尊个体的社会认可需求较高,因此在心理性应激情境中的反应更强烈.本研究采用特里尔社会应激测试作为应激情境,采集41名中国大学生被试在这一情境下的客观参数(心率)作为心理性应激反应的指标,通过问卷测量被试的自尊水平、内控性水平和社会认可需求水平,考察自尊影响心理性应激反应的机制.结果发现被试的自尊水平与应激情境下的心率呈正相关,并且社会认可需求在自尊与心理性应激的关系中起着显著的中介作用.本文从文化差异角度提出自尊预测心理性应激反应的模型可能需要在不同文化背景下来分别探讨.  相似文献   

15.
The notion that speech becomes less fluent during stressful speaking conditions has received little empirical test, and no research has tested this relationship in older adult participants. We analyzed speeches produced during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or during a less stressful placebo (pTSST) version of the task. We measured young and older adults’ speech fillers (e.g., um), unfilled pauses (at least 1 s in duration), and other disfluencies (e.g., repetitions, repairs). Neither young nor older adult participants rated themselves as having greater stress in the TSST than pTSST condition, but behavioral effects were obtained. Participants in the TSST condition produced more mid-phrase speech fillers and unfilled pauses than participants in the pTSST condition. Young adults produced more unfilled pauses than older adults overall, and older adults produced more mid-phrase fillers than young adults. Critically, age group interacted with experimental condition, such that older speakers produced disproportionately more mid-phrase fillers than young adults in the TSST compared to the pTSST condition. In sum, the negative effects of the TSST on fluency were generally similar across age, but this specific age-related increase in mid-phrase fillers indicates that older adults’ word retrieval may have been particularly negatively affected. Findings are generally consistent with previous research and add to understanding of how factors internal to the speaker (i.e., demographic, personality, and cognitive variables) and factors external to the speaker (i.e., variables regarding the situation, context, or content of speech) combine to affect speech fluency.  相似文献   

16.
急性心理性应激源分别通过下丘脑-脑垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis,HPAA)和交感神经-肾上腺髓质轴(sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis)诱发神经内分泌反应。唾液皮质醇被认为是检测急性心理性应激所诱发的HPA轴反应的稳定指标。以特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)及其变式作为应激源, 以HPA轴的反应作为应激指标, 影响个体在急性心理性应激情境中发生特异性神经内分泌反应的因素主要包括人口统计学、环境和应激频率三大方面, 未来应加强急性心理性应激所诱发的神经内分泌反应的纵向研究。  相似文献   

17.
This study examined self-reports of social victimization and parent reports of adjustment for a sample followed from fourth through seventh grades. Different patterns of social victimization experiences were identified; of the 153 students (79 girls) with complete data, 24% reported chronic social victimization, 23% reported transient experiences of social victimization, and 53% reported being socially victimized at no more than one time point. We examined whether students who experienced persistent and periodic social victimization were at greater risk for internalizing problems than nonvictims. Persistently victimized children demonstrated continuously elevated levels of internalizing problems. Children who were not originally victimized by social aggression but became victimized with time did not demonstrate higher levels of internalizing problems than did nonvictims. Findings were mixed for those who escaped social victimization during this period. This research was supported by NIMH grants R01 MH63076 and K02 MH073616. We are deeply grateful for the participation of children and families in this study and for the cooperation of a local school system that wishes to go unnamed. We thank Mikal Galperin for her help with recruiting and retaining the sample.  相似文献   

18.
以济南市一所普通公立幼儿园的284名3~5岁儿童为被试,采用访谈法考察了儿童对同伴侵害的归因。研究结果表明:(1)3~5岁儿童对同伴侵害的归因包括敌意归因、自责归因、中立归因和无归因四种情况。(2)总体而言,自责归因随年龄增长逐渐增多,无归因逐渐减少,4~5岁是转折期。(3)儿童自责归因和无归因人数比例在财物侵害中最低,中立归因人数比例在财物侵害中最高;无归因人数比例在言语侵害中最高,中立归因人数比例在言语侵害中最低。  相似文献   

19.
A social comparison framework was used to examine the relations between children's attributions for victimization and adjustment. In Study One, 192 nine-to ten-year-old children were asked why someone may pick on them. Results revealed attributions reflecting five causes of victimization that could be reliably sorted by direction of social comparison: (a) jealous peer (downward), (b) mutual antipathy (horizontal), (c) being different from each other (horizontal), (d) personal behavior (upward) and (e) being uncool (upward). Children's responses were used to create an attribution measure that was administered to 206 eight-to eleven-year-old children. Results were consistent with the social comparison hypothesis such that peer jealousy was uniquely associated with lower levels of loneliness and greater acceptance whereas personal behavior and not being uncool were correlated with greater loneliness and lower perceived acceptance and self-esteem. Findings supported the usefulness of a social comparison framework for understanding associations among attributions and adjustment.  相似文献   

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