Camouflage-Collar Crime: An Examination of Wildlife Crime and Characteristics of Offenders in Florida

Fish and wildlife crime is an understudied area of criminology and criminal justice and when it is the focus of research, studies tend to be characterized by small samples and a lack of multivariate analyses. This study examines the nature and extent of cited fish and wildlife offenses and characteristics of offenders through quantitative analysis of 15,657 incidents of cited fish and wildlife offenses in Florida. The results indicate that a viable typology of wildlife crime is emergent and that there are important racial and ethnic differences across types of wildlife offenses.     

A Typology of Market Sellers of Protected Wildlife Across Peru

This exploratory field investigation describes five categories of sellers (casual, transient, opportunistic, hidden, and professional) who commercialize protected wildlife out of open-air markets across Peru. These categories were created through an analysis of interviews with wildlife market sellers (N = 15), observations across 13 open-air markets where protected wildlife are sold, and interviews with persons involved in wildlife trade processes (N = 45). The market sellers’ accounts highlight the changes of Peru’s informal wildlife trade and help to contextualize the social, cultural, and economic realities connected to this commerce. Market sellers describe nuanced motivations behind their involvement in the wildlife trade that go beyond economic gains.     

Comparing Illicit Trades in Wildlife and Drugs: An Exploratory Study

This article is an exploratory study into the similarities, differences, and overlaps between the illegal wildlife trade and the illegal drug trade, using original and literature-based research from the Russian Far East and Western Europe, respectively. The purpose of such a comparison is to gain further insight into the illegal wildlife trade through the examination of the more thoroughly studied illegal drug trade. We first examine the global size of these markets and then detail and compare actors and smuggling operations found in each. This leads to a possible typology of features that the trades have in common and to discussion of the direct linkages between these two illicit markets.     

Foundations of Wildlife protection attitudes

The history of ideas normally invoked by animal liberationists and their opponents cannot account for our basic wildlife protection attitudes, which actually developed out of the worldwide species‐classification project begun by Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. These attitudes, formed in terms of a pre‐evolutionary and pre‐ecological belief in fixed and immutable species, were weakened to some degree by the rise of evolutionary theory and ecological science, since evolution provides a mechanism for the replacement of extinct species and depicts extinction as natural, and ecology teaches that ecosystems naturally adjust when species are lost. Wildlife protection attitudes are preservationist in so far as they are concerned with the preservation of species and conservationist in so far as they are concerned with the lives of individual animals and populations. From all perspectives except that of animal liberation, wild animals are predominantly viewed in terms of instrumental value: as a means to the continuation of species, the maintenance of healthy ecosystems, and for various other anthropocentric purposes. These various perspectives fit together within an aesthetic conception of wildlife which is strongly Platonic. From an aesthetic standpoint, wild animals, as exemplications of various species, are more analogous to mass‐produced toys, admired for their design or structure, than the natural equivalent of original works of art admired for their own sakes.     

Designing Post-Visit Action Resources for Families Visiting Wildlife Tourism Sites

ABSTRACT

Interpretation at zoos, aquariums, and other wildlife tourism sites is generally designed to raise visitors’ awareness and appreciation of natural resources and alert them to the impact of human activities on wildlife populations. However, there has been little investigation of what prompts visitors to adopt conservation actions, and whether reinforcing on-site messages with post-visit support can assist in this process. The aim of the present research was to firstly, design family learning materials to support and extend the learning that occurs as a result of viewing wildlife; and secondly, to ask families visiting a turtle rookery in Queensland, Australia to use the resources and report on their effectiveness. One hundred Australian families were sampled at the site; 3 months later 45 families returned questionnaires relating to the impact of the support materials on their long-term conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Components that were rated as particularly effective are presented and the importance of providing post-visit updates that connect visitors directly back to their viewing experience is discussed.     

The Role of Reputation in the Illegal Purchase of Protected Wildlife in China

Why would a consumer trust that his/her supplier would honor their agreement in illegal transactions? What mechanisms do consumers rely on to enhance the credibility of their agreements? In this article, these questions are examined in the light of illegal transactions of protected wildlife in China for consumption as a delicacy. Based on interviews with actors involved in this illegal market and open sources, this article shows that consumers rely on the supplier’s reputation to access protected wildlife, along with their reputation of having the culinary skills necessary to cook the wildlife in order to enhance the credibility of their agreements.     

Cyber terror: Missing in action

This article discusses the limited utility of the concepts of “cyber terrorism” or “electronic Pearl Harbor.” It contrasts the absence of cyber terror incidents with the large number of terrorist attacks and computer security incidents in recent years. It suggests that this discrepancy is explained both by the low appeal of cyber weapons to terrorists and because critical infrastructures and nations are not vulnerable to computer attacks. The article calls for a more rigorous approach to data collection for cyber security incidents, and suggests cyber security should not be seen primarily as a national security issue. Before joining CSIS, he served in the U.S. Foreign Service and worked on security, intelligence, and technology issues. Lewis’s current research covers cyber security, spectrum management, authentication, and technology’s role in national security. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1984.     

Understanding and Treating Children Who Experience Interpersonal Maltreatment: Empirical Findings

Child maltreatment (CM) is a major health problem in U.S. society, with 872,000 substantiated cases reported in 2004 and unofficial rates ranging from 2 to 10 million cases per year. Depending on the severity, CM can negatively affect a child's physical, emotional, and psychological functioning and development immediately following an abuse incident or incidents; in severe cases, it can affect adult functioning. The author examines the empirically supported research related to the incidence, consequences, treatment effectiveness, and models of treatment for CM.     

The Application of a Model of Adaptive Performance to Army Leader Behaviors

To better understand the adaptive capabilities of junior Army leaders, we applied an existing nine-dimension adaptability model to critical incidents of leader behaviors. We examined interview data from two samples of U.S. Army leaders (40 combat veterans and 24 training facilitators). The adaptive behaviors performed most in combat reflected the Deals with Unpredictability and Handles Emergencies dimensions, whereas in training contexts they reflected the Leads Adaptive Teams and Solves Problems Creatively dimensions. The model represented all of the adaptive capabilities; however, the dimensions varied across the samples. To promote adaptability, the leaders recommended developing mental adaptability skills and adaptive teams.     

Why suppress the truth? U.S., Canadian and english approaches to the exclusion of illegally obtained real evidence in criminal cases

Conclusion Analysis of the U.S., Canadian and English approaches to excluding illegally obtained real evidence, which passes the threshold test of authenticity, probative value and relevance, reveals various ways in which poisoned truths are treated in criminal legal systems. A person who has no interaction with the criminal legal system may of course be considerably sympathetic to the English rule which attempts always to reveal the immediate truth. For if one considers only an individual criminal case, the English rule certainlyappears to value truth above all else. However, a contextual analysis makes it clear that there is a systemic effect in always revealing the truth that may result in fewer incidents of the truth being revealed in the future than if the immediate truth were suppressed in a particular case. The U.S. and Canadian exclusionary rules recognize the systemic harm of automatically revealing all truths the moment the truths become apparent. While the U.S. courts have had trouble agreeing on the rationale for excluding illegally obtained real evidence, they have come up with a rule which in the end balances the immediate harm of exclusion of the truth and the systemic harm of its inclusion. The U.S. rule is also very predictable, clearly setting out when a future truth is threatened by revealing an immediate truth. The Canadian rule is in the early stages of development, and, while there is a clearly stated rationale that seeks a justice of truth, it is not sufficiently concrete to allow one to predict when the rationale of a justice of truth will be achieved. In the final analysis, and in contrast to the English exclusionary rule, both the Canadian and U.S. rules address thesystemic harm of always including illegally obtained real evidence.     

Limitations in the Prediction of Mass Violence: Cautionary Tales

The incidents of mass violence that have occurred in the United States have been deeply disturbing to the public as well as to mental health professionals. The public, the media, as well as our patients, family members, and friends have reached out to mental health professionals in the hope that we can provide an understanding of these events that might serve to reduce their frequency in the future. This article explores how we can best respond to these requests, including the current limitations of psychologists in the prediction of mass violence. Two incidents of mass violence are used to illustrate these issues. The first is a review of the investigation of the explosion on the U.S.S. Iowa in April 1989 that resulted in the deaths of 47 seamen. The second incident used for illustration purposes will be the University of Texas Clock Tower shootings that occurred in August 1968. This article discusses the reliability and validity problems inherent in retrospective reviews of the personality characteristics of perpetrators, and the limitations imposed by base-rate issues in the prediction of mass violence.     

BULLY PREVENTION IN POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT

Bullying behaviors are a growing concern in U.S. schools. We present here a behavioral approach to bully prevention utilizing a schoolwide intervention. Bully prevention in positive behavior support (BP‐PBS) teaches students to withhold the social rewards hypothesized to maintain bullying. A single‐subject multiple baseline design across 6 students and three elementary schools was implemented in an empirical evaluation of the intervention's effectiveness. Results indicated that implementation was functionally related to decreased incidents of bullying for all 6 students observed. In addition, we observed a decrease in the social responses from victims and bystanders. Finally, school staff implemented the program with a high degree of fidelity and rated the program as effective and efficient. Limitations and implications of these results are discussed.     

Using an Ecological Ethics Framework to Make Decisions about the Relocation of Wildlife

Relocation is an increasingly prominent conservation tool for a variety of wildlife, but the technique also is controversial, even among conservation practitioners. An organized framework for addressing the moral dilemmas often accompanying conservation actions such as relocation has been lacking. Ecological ethics may provide such a framework and appears to be an important step forward in aiding ecological researchers and biodiversity managers to make difficult moral choices. A specific application of this framework can make the reasoning process more transparent and give more emphasis to the strong sentiments about non-human organisms held by many potential users. Providing an example of the application of the framework may also increase the appeal of the reasoning process to ecological researchers and biodiversity managers. Relocation as a conservation action can be accompanied by a variety of moral dilemmas that reflect the interconnection of values, ethical positions, and conservation decisions. A model that is designed to address moral dilemmas arising from relocation of humans provides/demonstrates/illustrates a possible way to apply the ecological ethics framework and to involve practicing conservationists in the overall decision-making process.     

Moral reasoning and moral orientation of U.S. and Turkish university students

Participants from an individualistic society (U.S.A.) were compared with participants from a collectivistic society (Turkey) in terms of moral reasoning and orientation (justice and care). A total of 396 undergraduates (203 U.S. students, 193 Turkish students) between the ages of 18 and 46 years were administered the original version of the Defining Issues Test and the Measure of Moral Orientation. Turkish participants received higher mean principled scores than did the U.S. participants, and female participants received higher mean principled scores than did male participants. Turkish participants also scored significantly higher on the justice and care orientations than U.S. participants, and female participants scored significantly higher on the justice and care orientations than male participants.     

Phenomenology of the trickster archetype,U.S. electoral politics and the Black Lives Matter movement

This paper examines the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in cultural, historical and relational contexts at the intersection of the U.S. Civil Rights movement, U.S. Civil Rights legislation, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and reforms thereto in the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision of Shelby County v Holder, 570 U.S.529 (2013). The intergenerational relations between the BLM movement and these ongoing movements for civil and human rights is underscored. In the wake of protests about the sadistic murder of George Floyd, an unarmed African American man, by a Caucasian police officer, the BLM movement has been mischaracterized as an affront to law and order by the Trump-led U.S. administration. The mischaracterization was a re-election campaign effort designed to ignite ‘white fear’, ‘white rage’ and to defend police brutality and systemic racism. Analytical psychology and the phenomenology of the trickster archetype, as amplified from the African-centric perspective in the Yoruba deity Esu-Elegba, are employed to interrogate partisan obstructionist behaviours that assault multicultural democracy in both contemporary U.S. electoral politics and the political economy. The paper concludes with a brief note on the social activism of Fair Fight Georgia and the integration of its agenda into the BLM movement.     

U.S. Patriotism and Ideologies of Group Dominance: A Tale of Asymmetry

Abstract

Using a random sample (N = 405) of White and Latino Americans from Los Angeles County, the authors explored whether there is an asymmetrical relationship between U.S. patriotism and two different dimensions of social dominance orientation: group antiegalitarianism and group dominance. Although there was no evidence of asymmetry in the relationship between U.S. patriotism and group antiegalitarianism, there was evidence of consistent asymmetry in the relationship between U.S. patriotism and group dominance. Among Whites (the dominant North American ethnic group) and depending on demographic variables such as age, education, income, and gender, the greater the respondents' tendency to subordinate “inferior groups,” the greater their level of U.S. patriotism. In contrast, among Latino Americans (the major subordinate group in Southern California), the opposite trend was found. Here, higher levels of group dominance orientation were associated with lower levels of U.S. patriotism. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Teacher Ratings of Behavioral Self-Regulation in Preschool Children: A Japanese/U.S. Comparison

Our primary aim was to determine whether a research questionnaire for assessing self-regulatory competence in young Japanese children could be adapted successfully for use with U.S. preschoolers. Preschool teachers contributed ratings for 322 U.S. and 328 Japanese children, who ranged in age from 33 to 69 months. Principal components analysis of the teachers' responses to the 71-item Kashiwagi questionnaire revealed that the two main factors, Self-Inhibition and Self-Assertion, were well replicated. Broadband factor scales were constructed from items that showed clear evidence of cross-cultural validity. Scale items were reliably rated, and in both cultures showed predictable effects for child age and gender. These data support the usefulness of the Kashiwagi questionnaire for comparative studies of U.S. and Japanese preschoolers.     

Selected Spiritual Religious,and Family Factors in the Prevention of School Violence

The mass‐casualty school shooting incidents in recent years have heightened concern about the safety of U.S. schools and prompted responses that, in many cases, have centered mainly on bolstering security on school campuses. Some researchers have concluded, however, that the most effective prevention efforts are those that are more comprehensive in scope. This article explores selected spiritual, religious, and family value factors that research has indicated may play an important protective role in strengthening resilience in young people and minimizing at‐risk behavior that may be associated with school violence.