Animal Rescue as Civil Disobedience

Apparently illegal cases of animal rescue can be either open or covert: ‘open rescue’ is associated with organizations such as Animal Liberation Victoria and Animal Liberation New South Wales; ‘covert rescue’ is associated with the Animal Liberation Front. While the former seems to qualify non-controversially as civil disobedience I argue that (irrespective of other considerations such as effectiveness or advisability) at least some instances of the latter could also qualify as civil disobedience just so long as various norms of civility (e.g. norms concerning recognition of others, the avoidance of violence and threats) are satisfied. The case for such a move is defended against objections that covertness is (1) inherently suspect; (2) a failure to accept responsibility; and (3) inconsistent with civil disobedience as a form of communication. Against such objections, the paper emphasizes the importance of respecting the open texture of the concept of civil disobedience if it is to be of continuing relevance against the backdrop of changing forms of non-violent dissent.     

Morality Work among the Transabled

In the present article, I address the process of moral stigma resistance using an accounts studies framework. Specifically, I delineate and illustrate the concept of morality work. I demonstrate morality work empirically through a qualitative analysis of 17 years (1994–2011) of blog posts, archived content, and links to and from Transabled.org. Transabled.org is a website, blog, support group, and interaction forum for people with body integrity identity disorder (BIID)—a highly stigmatizing condition of incorrectly abled embodiment. Detractors accuse people with BIID of deep moral failings, including sexual perversion, dishonesty, greed, and attention seeking. In turn, persons with BIID neutralize claims of immorality through medicalization and biologization, and locate themselves on a moral high ground with a discourse of authenticity. In deconstructing transabled bloggers’ moral battle, I examine the process underlying deviant accounts.     

替代性创伤：危机干预中救援者的自我保护问题

替代性创伤是危机干预中的常见现象,它给救援者的身心带来不同程度的伤害,因此,需要及时关注救援者的替代性创伤问题,以维护其自身心理健康。已有研究表明,替代性创伤的成因主要与救援者个人自身因素以及特定的环境因素有关;当前,对替代性创伤的干预主要包括了提升专业水平、掌握自我调节方法、开展团体分享等策略     

作为个人品德的自我认同

自我认同涉及的是个体如何对待自我以及自我与"他人"的关系问题,其内核是自我人格的同一性,这种人格同一性反映了个体的自我完善和道德精神境界。自我人格同一性的本质是自我真实性,其要旨在于,使个体"成为一个人并尊敬他人为人"。自我认同中的自我反思及其持续展开,使个体成为一个具有道德反思能力的主体。自我真实性与道德反思能力,是个人品德的重要构成因子。     

Animal Morality: What It Means and Why It Matters

It has been argued that some animals are moral subjects, that is, beings who are capable of behaving on the basis of moral motivations (Rowlands 2011, 2012, 2017). In this paper, we do not challenge this claim. Instead, we presuppose its plausibility in order to explore what ethical consequences follow from it. Using the capabilities approach (Nussbaum 2004, 2007), we argue that beings who are moral subjects are entitled to enjoy positive opportunities for the flourishing of their moral capabilities, and that the thwarting of these capabilities entails a harm that cannot be fully explained in terms of hedonistic welfare. We explore the implications of this idea for the assessment of current practices involving animals.     

Parental Morality and Family Processes as Predictors of Adolescent Morality

This study investigated the extent to which parents' moral thought and family processes are involved in the socialization of adolescent moral thought. Olson et al's (1992) Circumplex Model and White's (2000) Family Socialization Model provided the conceptual framework for predicting that families high in cohesion, adaptability and communication would facilitate the transmission of moral values between parents and adolescents more effectively than families low in these family processes. Results involving 218 adolescent-parent dyads revealed that perceived family cohesion and communication moderated the father-adolescent moral thought relationship; that several facets of both parents' morality significantly predicted adolescents' morality; and that all three family processes significantly predicted certain aspects of adolescent morality. Therefore the extent to which parents' socialize adolescent moral values will vary according to each parent's moral view, the strength of family processes and the content of moral thought being transmitted.     

论道德作为一种生产力——兼评王小锡教授对“道德生产力”问题的探讨

"道德生产力"与"道德资本"是两个相互关联的经济伦理学概念,后者是前者合乎逻辑推进的结果,王小锡教授在这两个领域作了诸多积极有益的探讨,丰富了我国经济伦理学的知识理论体系.在理论上阐明"道德生产力"的道德闲限及其生产力特性,并在此基础上厘清"道德生产力"研究的应有理路是十分必要的,它有助于促进"道德资本"研究的拓展和深入,推动我国经济伦理学的建设和发展.     

Employment Instability among Less-Qualified Young Workers

More than 40% of a sample of less-qualified Scottish school-leavers, surveyed in 1979, left their first jobs early in their occupational careers. Although most of these left voluntarily, further analysis suggests that their instability was generated more by occupational than by personal factors: it was mainly the product of unstable jobs rather than of unstable workers. Many of the young people who left their first jobs subsequently became unemployed; their chances of finding new employment depended on personal factors more than on their earlier occupational experiences. There was considerable occupational mobility among those who found new jobs.     

Animal Play and the Evolution of Morality: An Ethological Approach

In this paper we argue that there is much to learn about “wild justice” and the evolutionary origins of morality – behaving fairly – by studying social play behavior in group-living mammals. Because of its relatively wide distribution among the mammals, ethological investigation of play, informed by interdisciplinary cooperation, can provide a comparative perspective on the evolution of ethical behavior that is broader than is provided by the usual focus on primate sociality. Careful analysis of social play reveals rules of engagement that guide animals in their social encounters. Because of its significance in development, play may provide a foundation of fairness for other forms of cooperation that are advantageous to group living. Questions about the evolutionary roots of cooperation, fairness, trust, forgiveness, and morality are best answered by attention to the details of what animals do when they engage in social play – how they negotiate agreements to cooperate, to forgive, to behave fairly, and to develop trust. We consider questions such as why play fairly? Why did play evolve as it has? Does “being fair” mean being more fit? Do individual variations in play influence an individual’s reproductive fitness? Can we use information about the foundations of moral behavior in animals to help us understand ourselves? We conclude that there is likely to be strong selection for cooperative fair play because there are mutual benefits when individuals adopt this strategy and group stability may also be fostered. Numerous mechanisms have evolved to facilitate the initiation and maintenance of social play, to keep others engaged, so that agreeing to play fairly and the resulting benefits of doing so can be readily achieved.     

Performance Accomplishment Information as Predictors of Self-Efficacy as a Function of Skill Level in Amateur Golf

The predictive capabilities of different types of performance accomplishment information (PAI) towards self-efficacy for amateur golfers were compared as a function of skill level. Male golfers (N = 197; skilled n = 84, lesser skilled n = 113) recorded self-efficacy levels before and after competitive golf performance. Multiple regression analyses revealed that handicap was the most significant predictor of PAI towards pre-round self-efficacy for skilled golfers while practice satisfaction was the most significant predictor for lesser skilled. Handicap achievement was a significant predictor of post-round self-efficacy for both skilled and lesser skilled golfers. The findings imply athletes of varying skill level utilize different information when developing efficacy beliefs. Further study of the relationship between PAI and self-efficacy is therefore warranted in the sports domain.     

Discursive logic towards a logic of rational discourse

Both logic and philosophy of science investigate formal aspects of scientific discourse, i.e. properties of (non-monotonic) consequence operations for discursive logic. In the present paper we handle two of them: paraconsistency and enthymematycity.Supported by grants from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, form the Fulbright-Foundation and from the Center for Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh.Presented byJan Zygmunt     

Compression as a Universal Principle of Animal Behavior

A key aim in biology and psychology is to identify fundamental principles underpinning the behavior of animals, including humans. Analyses of human language and the behavior of a range of non‐human animal species have provided evidence for a common pattern underlying diverse behavioral phenomena: Words follow Zipf's law of brevity (the tendency of more frequently used words to be shorter), and conformity to this general pattern has been seen in the behavior of a number of other animals. It has been argued that the presence of this law is a sign of efficient coding in the information theoretic sense. However, no strong direct connection has been demonstrated between the law and compression, the information theoretic principle of minimizing the expected length of a code. Here, we show that minimizing the expected code length implies that the length of a word cannot increase as its frequency increases. Furthermore, we show that the mean code length or duration is significantly small in human language, and also in the behavior of other species in all cases where agreement with the law of brevity has been found. We argue that compression is a general principle of animal behavior that reflects selection for efficiency of coding.     

Deliberation, Foreknowledge, and Morality as a Guide to Action

In Section 1, I rehearse some arguments for the claim that morality should be ``action-guiding', and try to state the conditions under which a moral theory is in fact action-guiding. I conclude that only agents who are cognitively and conatively ``ideal' are in general able to use a moral theory as a guide to action. In Sections 2 and 3, I discuss whether moral ``actualism' implies that morality cannot be action-guiding even for ideal agents. If actualism is true, an ideal agent will know about her own future actions. Since such foreknowledge is often thought to be incompatible with deliberation, and since action-guidance presupposes the possibility of deliberation, there is an apparent difficulty in combining actualism with the requirement of action-guidance. In opposition to an argument by Jan Österberg, I try to show that actualism and action-guidance are in fact compatible.     

某院医务人员职业暴露的现状调查

职业暴露是医务人员最常见的职业伤害,为探求有效的防护方法,对我院2005年至2008年报告的职业暴露进行了分析,结果发现医务人员职业暴露漏报严重,护士发生职业暴露最多（占57．4％）,主要为针刺伤（占85．2％）,暴露源以乙型肝炎为主（占53．2％）。应加强医务人员标准预防和职业安全知识的教育与培训,建立和健全职业暴露的监测体系。     

某院医务人员职业暴露的现状调查

职业暴露是医务人员最常见的职业伤害,为探求有效的防护方法,对我院2005年至2008年报告的职业暴露进行了分析,结果发现医务人员职业暴露漏报严重,护士发生职业暴露最多(占57.4%),主要为针刺伤(占85.2%),暴露源以乙型肝炎为主(占53.2%).应加强医务人员标准预防和职业安全知识的教育与培训,建立和健全职业暴露的监测体系.