汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应

采用句子—图画验证任务探讨了汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明 ,汉语无关联词因果复句的项目表达顺序为“结果→原因”时 ,所形成的命题表征中项目发生互换 ,其结果为“原因→结果”。本研究结果初步表明 ,在没有关联词的语法提示条件下 ,读者在理解汉语无关联词的因果复句的过程中能够根据其语义内容按照“原因→结果”固定方向进行系列的认知加工     

汉语假设条件复句的心理表征项目互换效应研究

本文采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语假设条件复句的心理表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语假设条件复句的项目表达顺序为“结果一假设条件”时,所形成的心理表征中项目发生互换,其结果为“假设条件→结果”。本研究结果初步表明。读者理解汉语假设条件复句是一个按照“假设条件→结果”固定方向进行系列加工的认知过程。     

汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应研究

采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语倒装转折复句的项目表达顺序为“(但是)B→虽然A”,命题表征中项目存在着互换的倾向,所形成的命题表征为“虽然A→但是B”。本研究结果初步表明,读者理解汉语转折复句可能是一个按照“虽然A(事实让步)→但是B(转折)”固定方向进行系列认知加工的过程。     

汉语主动句、被动句的命题表征项目顺序特点

以中国大学生为被试,采用句子—图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task )探讨了中国学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所形成的命题表征中项目顺序特点。结果表明,无论是语义水平较高的不可逆句,还是语义水平较低的可逆句,中国学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所建构的命题表征中项目顺序均为“施事→受事”。本研究结果初步表明,中国学生理解汉语主动句和被动句时,能根据它们不同的表层结构（汉语主动句的语言表达顺序为“施事→受事”、汉语被动句的语言表达顺序为“受事→施事”）建构相同的深层结构（语义内容的命题表征项目顺序“施事→受事”）,可能是一个按照“施事→受事”固定方向进行的系列认知心理加工的过程     

儿童对因果复句的理解

本研究通过两个实验考察了小学一至五年级儿童对于涉及心理方面因果关系的几种因果复合句,其中包括单义复句、歧义复句和将原歧义句加上语境线索后变成的单义复句的理解特点和发展过程.结果发现:(1)儿童对单义因果复句的理解水平呈明显的随年级而上升的发展趋势.(2)语境线索对理解句子的确切意义具有重要作用。小学高年级儿童对语境线索有较高的敏感.(3)小学各年级儿童对实验中的歧义句基本上只能作单义理解。而且在意义的选择上表现出明显的偏向性。这种偏向性也表现在对句子结构成分较复杂的单义句的理解中。     

浅谈“半截复句”作标题的修辞效果

现代汉语中有一些复句,如递进复句、因果复句、假设复句、条件复句等,分句之间具有一种牵制性,说了一个(或一些)分句,一定要说出另一个(或一些)分句,否则就是说半截子话,给人一种话未说完,甚至莫名其妙的感觉.比如,如果谁说了这么一句“曲波不仅是作家”,那么听的人一定还等着下句.因为这句表明还有更深一层的意思在后面呢。语法上要求这类递进复句说出“不仅……”部分,还要说出“而且……”部分,也就是说出了     

印尼留学生汉语主动句被动句命题表征项目顺序

采用句子-图形验证任务初步探讨了不同汉语水平的印尼留学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所形成的命题表征中的项目顺序特点。结果表明,初级汉语水平印尼留学生理解汉语主动句、被动句后所建构的命题表征中项目顺序均为“受事→施事”;中级汉语水平印尼留学生理解汉语主动句所形成的命题表征项目顺序为“施事→受事”,而其理解汉语被动句所形成的命题表征项目顺序为“受事→施事”。母语主动句、被动句的理解特点影响印尼留学生汉语主动句、被动句命题表征项目顺序;这种影响作用与其汉语水平有一定的关系。     

用不同外部表征方式集中呈现信息条件下的因果力判断

在分别用文字陈述、表格和图形三种外部表征方式集中呈现因果信息的条件下,用直接估计因果力大小的实验范式考察单一因果关系因果力估计的特点,检验概率对比模型,效力PC理论和pCI规则。让287名大学生被试估计不同化学药物影响动物基因变异的能力。结果发现,对单一因果关系因果力估计具有以下4个特点：⑴不对称性：在预防原因条件下的因果力估计较多符合效力PC理论,而在产生原因条件下的因果力估计一般符合概率对比模型;⑵文字陈述、表格和图形三种信息外部表征方式,不影响产生原因条件下的因果力估计,但影响预防原因条件下的因果力估计。在预防原因条件下,与文字陈述和表格表征相比,图形表征会促使更多被试按效力PC理论来做因果力估计;⑶没有被试使用pCI规则;⑷被试估计因果力所使用的规则存在明显的个体差异。     

第二语言阅读“熔断”假说的认知心理证据:在线篇章处理的范式

本研究以认知心理学的结构建造理论为实验框架,模拟学习者母语及外语在线篇章处理的过程,从而获取第二语言阅读"熔断"假说以及"门槛"效应的认知心理证据。英语水平差别显著的高低两组共60名被试参加了英、汉语故事理解加工实验,考察他们如何对故事的人物角色进行持续跟踪,以厘清故事内的"因果链"。结果发现:(1)高水平组成功地把他们的母语故事理解加工能力迁移到第二语言的故事理解加工,而低水平组则迁移失败;(2)理解加工能力的迁移与被试心理表征建构能力以及抑制机制的效率紧密关联,高水平组被试能有效地利用抑制机制来管理他们第二语言的结构建造过程,从而建立对故事的连贯心理表征,而低水平组则不能。在分析上述结果的基础上,文章提出第二语言阅读"熔断"假说的认知心理证据就是第二语言心理表征建构与抑制机制的作用问题;要成功地进行第二语言篇章理解,读者必须要使其二语潜在的能力(如词汇效率等)发展到某个点上,使得与抑制(结构建造的关键)相关的许多无意识的决定过程能够高度自动化。     

谈因果复句的变换

同一个意思可以用不同形式的复句来表达,这不同形式的复句可相互变换。因果复句也可变换,这种变换可分为同型变换和异型变换两种。所谓同型变换,是变换前后复句类型相同,都是因果复句。因果复句有三个小类:说明式(因为……所以……),推论式(既然……就……),目的式(……以便……,……以免……)。这三小类可作同型变换。例如: (1)A因为门还未开,所以不可能在门口堆积泥土。(高中语文第一册《蝉》)—B不可能在门口堆积泥土,因为门还未开。 (2)A既然是红军游击队,凭暗号暗语一定可以沟通关系。(初中语文第五册《潘虎》)—B凭暗号暗语一定可以沟通关系,因为他们是红军游击队。例(1)是说明式和说明式相变换,例(2)是推     

Adapting Item Format for Cultural Effects in Translated Tests: Cultural Effects on Construct Validity of the Chinese Versions of the MBTI

This study investigated the interaction between different cultural groups and item type, and the ensuing effect on construct validity for a psychological inventory, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI, Form G). The authors analyzed 94 items from 2 Chinese-translated versions of the MBTI (Form G) for factorial differences among groups of examinees. The sample comprised 1,111 male medical undergraduate students, 19 to 22 years of age. There were 3 significant findings. First, items loading on a hypothesized "correct" factor increased nearly 50% from the 1997 version to the 1999 version. Nonliteral translations modified 86.62% of these 13 items. Second, among the 3 item types, phrase items changed the most and word-pair items, the least. Third, the Sensation-Intuition (SN) scale split into 3 independent subtype personalities in the 1999 Chinese version. Results of 2 factor analyses provided qualified support for a 4-factor solution and showed that cultural differences significantly influence construct validity interpretations.     

Active memory processes in visual sentence comprehension: Clause effects and pronominal reference

Two experiments were conducted to investigate active memory processes during reading. Subjects read two-clause sentences one word at a time at a self-paced rate. Following each sentence a probe word was presented; subjects were to decide if this word occurred in the sentence they had just read. The first experiment examined clausal effects during reading. Reaction times to items from the final clause were shorter than those to items from a previous clause even when the same number of words intervened. The second experiment used the clause effect to address the issue of proniminal reference. Results indicated that a pronoun in the final clause activated the meaning of its antecedent, thus demonstrating that the method is sensitive to both surface and meaning codes in active memory.     

Parallel structure: A source of facilitation in sentence comprehension

Reading time for the second clause of a conjoined sentence was found to be faster when the clause was structurally similar to the first clause than when the clausal structures differed. This “parallel structure” effect was found for each of several types of structures, including active versus passive constructions, direct object versus sentential complement (minimal vs. nonminimal attachment), nonshifted versus shifted heavy noun phrase, agent versus theme, and animate versus inanimate noun phrase. The pervasiveness of the effect ruled out some hypotheses about its basis, including the hypothesis that it would occur only when a subject’s just having processed a structure would affect how temporary ambiguities are resolved. Detailed analysis of the data suggested the existence of several distinct sources of the effect and provided indirect evidence that people typically compute both a surface structure and an S-structure representation of a sentence.     

Effects of Age and Location in Chinese Relative Clauses Processing

Three experiments investigated Chinese relative clause processing with children, youths and elders using sentence-picture matching and self-paced reading methods. In Experiment 1, we found that object-extracted clause were easier to comprehend than subject-extracted clause , and object-modified relative clause (i.e., object-modified subject-extracted clause\(\backslash \)object-modified object-extracted clause) were difficult to comprehend than subject modified relative clause (subject-modified subject-extracted clause\(\backslash \)subject-modified object-extracted clause). Importantly, this paper also found 5–6.5 ages may be critical for children to comprehend RCs in Chinese. Experiment 2 also showed that S-ORCs were easier to comprehend than S-SRCs for youths and elders. Further, elders have more difficulty comprehending RCs than youths. Experiment 3 indicated that there were no significant differences in difficulty between O-SRCs and O-ORCs, and no differences were found between youths and elders. In general, our findings gave support to predictions of working memory-based theory, and also indicated that RCs processing has an intricate course. Many factors such as syntactic, language specificity, experience, personality, must all be considered in sentence processing.     

Syntactic priming in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Using the event-related potential (ERP) technique, this study examined the nature of syntactic priming effects in Chinese. Participants were required to read prime-target sentence pairs each embedding an ambiguous relative clause (RC) containing either the same verb or a synonymous verb. In Chinese, the word de serves as a relative clause marker. During reading a potential Chinese RC structure (either the prime or the target sentence), Chinese readers initially expect to read an Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) structure but the encounter of a relative clause marker de would make readers abandon the initial strategy and reanalyze the structure as a relative clause. A reduced P600 effect was elicited by the critical word de in the target sentence containing the same initial verb as in the prime sentence. No significant reduction of the P600 was observed in the target sentences in the synonymous condition. The results demonstrated that verb repetition but not similarity in meaning produced a syntactic priming effect in Chinese. The constraint-based lexicalist hypothesis and the argument structure theory were adopted to explain the syntactic priming effect obtained in the current study.     

中国人人格量表的信度与效度

在初步确定中国人人格量表（Qingnian Zhongguo Personality Scale, QZPS）的基础上,通过对5000多被试的施测,确定了QZPS的项目构成及信度和效度。研究中对QZPS的项目重新进行探索性因素分析,确认了中国人人格的七因素结构,根据对每一个大因素的因素分析和项目鉴别度分析,确定了QZPS各个因素的项目构成和内部一致性系数,共180个项目。通过自-他评定的相关、自评与标尺评定的相关、以及对特殊群体分数分布的分析验证了QZPS的效度。研究结果确认QZPS有良好的信度和效度,可以应用于人格的理论和应用领域。     

先述参与者的优势及句子不同成分的可提取性

考察了复合句中先述参与者在可提取性上的优势及句子连贯性因素对这种优势现象的影响。同时,采用系列一同时呈现的方式,考察了句子不同成分的可提取性。     

Mindless accuracy: on the ubiquity of content in nature

It is widely held in contemporary philosophy of mind that states with underived representational content are ipso facto psychological states. This view—the Content View—underlies a number of interesting philosophical projects, such as the attempt to pick out a psychological level of explanation, to demarcate genuinely psychological from non-psychological states, and to limn the class of states with phenomenal character. The most detailed and influential theories of underived representation in philosophy are the tracking theories developed by Fodor, Dretske, Millikan and others. Tracking theorists initially hoped to ‘naturalize’ underived representation by showing that although it is distinctively psychological it is not irreducibly so, yet they ended up developing theories of representation that by their own lights don’t pick out a distinctively psychological phenomenon at all. Burge (Origins of objectivity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010) sets out to develop a theory of underived representation that does pick out a distinctively psychological phenomenon. His theory promises to vindicate the Content View and the various philosophical projects that depend on it. In this paper I argue that Burge’s theory dementalizes representation for the same reason tracking theories do: These theories hold that representations are states with underived accuracy conditions, yet such states are found in all sorts of mindless systems, like plants.     

童年期心理虐待与忽视对高中生自杀意念的影响：述情障碍的中介作用和寻求意义感的调节作用

为了探讨童年期心理虐待与忽视与自杀意念之间的关系及其作用机制,本研究采用心理虐待与忽视量表、多伦多述情障碍量表、青少年自杀意念量表及生命意义感量表中的寻求意义感分量表对1074名高中生进行调查。结果表明：（1）童年期心理虐待与忽视对自杀意念有正向预测作用,并且能够通过述情障碍的中介作用影响高中生自杀意念;（2）寻求意义感调节了这一中介过程的直接路径和后半段路径,对后半段路径的调节作用存在性别差异。     

When remembering causes forgetting: retrieval-induced forgetting as recovery failure

Retrieval practice on a subset of previously learned material can cause forgetting of the unpracticed material and make it inaccessible to consciousness. Such inaccessibility may arise because the material is no longer sampled from the set of to-be-recalled items, or, though sampled, its representation is not complete enough to be recovered into consciousness. In 2 experiments, it was examined whether retrieval-induced forgetting reflects a sampling or recovery failure by studying the time course of cued recall in this type of situation. Although retrieval practice reduced recall totals of the unpracticed items, in both experiments, the forgetting was not accompanied by an effect on the items' response latencies. This pattern of results is consistent with the view that inhibited items are successfully sampled but, because of a reduction in their activation level, do not exceed the recovery threshold.