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1.
Philippe Schlenker 《Philosophical Studies》2010,151(1):115-142
Stalnaker (1978) made two seminal claims about presuppositions. The most influential one was that presupposition projection is computed by a pragmatic mechanism based on a notion of ‘local context’. Due to conceptual and technical difficulties, however, the latter notion was reinterpreted in purely semantic terms within
‘dynamic semantics’ (Heim 1983). The second claim was that some instances of presupposition generation should also be explained in pragmatic terms. But despite various attempts, the definition of a precise ‘triggering algorithm’ has remained somewhat elusive. We discuss
possible extensions of both claims. First, we offer a reconstruction of ‘local contexts’ which circumvents some of the difficulties
faced by Stalnaker’s original analysis. We preserve the idea that local contexts are computed by a pragmatic mechanism that
aggregates the information that follows from an incomplete sentence given the global context; but we crucially rely on a modified
notion of entailment (‘R-entailment’), whose plausibility should be assessed on independent grounds. Second, we speculate
that local contexts might prove necessary (though by no means sufficient) to understand how some presuppositions are triggered.
In a nutshell, we suggest that a presupposition is triggered when the semantic contribution of an expression to its local
context is in some sense ‘heterogeneous’. Without giving an analysis of the latter notion, we note that this architecture
implies that presuppositions should be triggered on the basis of the meaning that an expression has relative to its local context (what we call its ‘local meaning’); we sketch some possible consequences of this analysis. 相似文献
2.
We chart the ways in which closure properties of consequence relations for uncertain inference take on different forms according
to whether the relations are generated in a quantitative or a qualitative manner. Among the main themes are: the identification
of watershed conditions between probabilistically and qualitatively sound rules; failsafe and classicality transforms of qualitatively
sound rules; non-Horn conditions satisfied by probabilistic consequence; representation and completeness problems; and threshold-sensitive
conditions such as ‘preface’ and ‘lottery’ rules.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology I. Edited by Branden Fitelson 相似文献
3.
We consider two formalizations of the notion of irrelevance as a rationality principle within the framework of (Carnapian)
Inductive Logic: Johnson’s Sufficientness Principle, JSP, which is classically important because it leads to Carnap’s influential
Continuum of Inductive Methods and the recently proposed Weak Irrelevance Principle, WIP. We give a complete characterization
of the language invariant probability functions satisfying WIP which generalizes the Nix–Paris Continuum. We argue that the
derivation of two very disparate families of inductive methods from alternative perceptions of ‘irrelevance’ is an indication
that this notion is imperfectly understood at present. 相似文献
4.
William S. Sax 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):39-60
Conclusion Our understanding of South Asian society and history is sometimes muddled by the rigid distinctions we make between ‘religion’
and ‘politics.’ The resurgent appeal of Hindu nationalism, the involvement of Hindu renouncers in contemporary Indian politics,
and the continuing relevance of religious issues to political discourse throughout South Asia, show that such a distinction
is of limited utility. In this essay, I have examined the notion of digvijaya in some detail, in an attempt to show that this ‘most important Indian concept with regard to sovereignty’ was always both
a ‘religious’ and a ‘political’ phenomenon. When it was performed by Hindu kings in the classical period, the ‘political’
dimension of digvijaya was foregrounded, while in the medieval and modern periods, when it was associated primarily with Hindu renouncers, its ‘religious’
aspects were paramount. But neither ‘political’ nor ‘religious’ aspects were ever absent from any of the digvijayas discussed here because religion and politics were mutually entailed in the digvijaya at all times, just as kings and renouncers were—and still are—alter-egos of each other. I am tempted to conclude that the
digvijaya melded religious and political domains. Yet perhaps even to speak of ‘melding’ religion and politics is a peculiarly modern
kind of discourse. Perhaps we need to rethink our categories and recognize that politics always has a religious element, while
religion is always a political force. 相似文献
5.
Crupi et al. (2008) offer a confirmation-theoretic, Bayesian account of the conjunction fallacy—an error in reasoning that
occurs when subjects judge that Pr(h
1 & h
2|e) > Pr(h
1|e). They introduce three formal conditions that are satisfied by classical conjunction fallacy cases, and they show that these
same conditions imply that h
1 & h
2 is confirmed by e to a greater extent than is h
1 alone. Consequently, they suggest that people are tracking this confirmation relation when they commit conjunction fallacies.
I offer three experiments testing the merits of Crupi et al.’s account specifically and confirmation-theoretic accounts of
the conjunction fallacy more generally. The results of Experiment 1 show that, although Crupi et al.’s conditions do seem
to be causally linked to the conjunction fallacy, they are not necessary for it; there exist cases that do not meet their
three conditions in which subjects still tend to commit the fallacy. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 show that Crupi et al.’s
conditions, and those offered by other confirmation-theoretic accounts of the fallacy, are not sufficient for the fallacy
either; there exist cases that meet all three of CFT’s conditions in which subjects do not tend to commit the fallacy. Additionally,
these latter experiments show that such confirmation-theoretic conditions are at best only weakly causally relevant to the
presence of the conjunction fallacy. Given these findings, CFT’s account specifically, and any general confirmation-theoretic
account more broadly, falls short of offering a satisfying explanation of the presence of the conjunction fallacy. 相似文献
6.
Hektor K. T. Yan 《Philosophia》2010,38(1):107-129
This paper takes a conceptual look at cosmopolitanism and the related issue of what it means to be human in order to arrive
at an alternative conceptual framework which is free from empiricist assumptions. With reference to a discussion on Homer’s
Iliad, the author develops a ‘humanist’ model of discerning humanity. This model is then compared and contrasted with Martha Nussbaum’s
version of cosmopolitanism. The notion of ‘aspect-seeing’ discussed by Wittgenstein in the second part of the Philosophical Investigations is also examined in order to shed light on what it involves to discern humanity. Finally, racism is discussed from the philosophical
perspective elaborated in order to highlight its distinctive conceptual features. It is hoped that this paper can refocus
our attention on important issues concerning the basis of what it means to see human beings as human beings. 相似文献
7.
Forms of emergent interaction in General Process Theory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Johanna Seibt 《Synthese》2009,166(3):479-512
General Process Theory (GPT) is a new (non-Whiteheadian) process ontology. According to GPT the domains of scientific inquiry
and everyday practice consist of configurations of ‘goings-on’ or ‘dynamics’ that can be technically defined as concrete,
dynamic, non-particular individuals called general processes. The paper offers a brief introduction to GPT in order to provide ontological foundations for research programs such as interactivism
that centrally rely on the notions of ‘process,’ ‘interaction,’ and ‘emergence.’ I begin with an analysis of our common sense
concept of activities, which plays a crucial heuristic role in the development of the notion of a general process. General
processes are not individuated in terms of their location but in terms of ‘what they do,’ i.e., in terms of their dynamic
relationships in the basic sense of one process being part of another. The formal framework of GPT is thus an extensional
mereology, albeit a non-classical theory with a non-transitive part-relation. After a brief sketch of basic notions and strategies
of the GPT-framework I show how the latter may be applied to distinguish between causal, mechanistic, functional, self-maintaining,
and recursively self-maintaining interactions, all of which involve ‘emergent phenomena’ in various senses of the term. 相似文献
8.
Joel Kenton Press 《Synthese》2008,161(1):119-139
Nearly all of the ways philosophers currently attempt to define the terms ‘representation’ and ‘function’ undermine the scientific
application of those terms by rendering the scientific explanations in which they occur vacuous. Since this is unacceptable,
we must develop analyses of these terms that avoid this vacuity.
Robert Cummins argues in this fashion in Representations, Targets, and Attitudes. He accuses ‘use theories’ of representational content of generating vacuous explanations, claims that nearly all current
theories of representational content are use theories, and offers a non-use theory of representational content which avoids
explanatory vacuity. One task I undertake in this article is to develop an alternative non-use theory which avoids an objection
fatal to that theory.
My second task is to adapt Cummins’ argument to criticize most current analyses of ‘function,’ which undermine scientific
explanation in an analogous way. Though Cummins does not explicitly argue in this manner, his own analysis of ‘function,’
by avoiding any appeal to use, avoids the explanatory vacuity to which they succumb. Consequently, I endorse Cummins’ notion
of function.
However, although use theories fail as analyses of the terms ‘representation’ and ‘function,’ they can still make significant
contributions to the sciences employing these terms. For, while philosophers seeking to define ‘representation’ and ‘function’
must avoid incorporating representational and functional uses into their definitions, scientists must still find a way to
determine which representations and functions are being used. Suitably re-construed use theories of representation and function
may in many cases assist them in this task. 相似文献
9.
Brindell S 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(3):351-364
‘Scientific integrity’ certainly requires that data and references be beyond reproach. However, issues within the theory of
scientific explanation suggest that there may be more to it than just this. While it is true that some contemporary, pragmatic
analyses of explanation suffer from the ‘problem of relevance’ (an inability to ensure that explanations which are paradigmatic
technically are relevant to the question being posed), it does not seem to be true that the addition of formal, metaphysical
constraints is necessary to solve this problem. I argue that, when viewed as requests for help with an epistemic problem, explanation-seeking questions reveal the existence of a set of moral criteria centered in trust which, when satisfied, prevent trivial or irrelevant explanations from being offered, thereby broadening the concept of ‘scientific
integrity’. 相似文献
10.
Lionel Shapiro 《Philosophical Studies》2006,129(3):477-515
According to Gupta and Belnap, the “extensional behavior” of ‘true’ matches that of a circularly defined predicate. Besides
promising to explain semantic paradoxicality, their general theory of circular predicates significantly liberalizes the framework
of truth-conditional semantics. The authors’ discussions of the rationale behind that liberalization invoke two distinct senses
in which a circular predicate’s semantic behavior is explained by a “revision rule” carrying hypothetical information about its extension. Neither attempted explanation succeeds. Their theory may however be modified to employ a
relativized notion of extension. The resulting contextualist semantics for ‘true’ construes circularity as a pragmatic phenomenon. 相似文献
11.
Zachary Beckstead 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):221-227
Schwarz (IPBS: Integrative Psychology & Behavioral Science 43:3, 2009) cogently demonstrates that in conjunction with scientific conventionalism psychology has developed a rather deficient view
of their subject matter: the human being. Psychology based on an impoverished notion of empirical has rendered subjectivity
or ‘the measuring apparatus man’ invisible. As his story implicitly demonstrates, psychologists supported by a positivistic
view of science (in part to be empirical) and notion of ‘objectivity’ have learned to trust their ‘rigorous’ methods instead
of their participants as capable of revealing important and interesting phenomena. If we are going to take subjectivity and
experience seriously there should be a cultivation of a new attitude or orientation regarding psychology’s subject matter
(i.e., the human being) and science. This commentary discusses Mark Freeman’s (2007) argument that the first requirement of science should be ‘fidelity to the phenomena’ and elaborates on the implications
for psychology grounded in this view of science. 相似文献
12.
Dan W. Forsyth 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》1997,1(1):141-164
Conclusion Thus, we can see that Obeyesekere’s notion and usage of some psychoanalytic concepts is at variance with Freud’s formulations
and with those of standard psychoanalytic theory. This divergence is also evident in Obeyesekere’s formulation of the concept
of disconnection, which is arguably the most important construct in the first chapter of The work of culture. Space constraints prevent us taking-up this concept here. So let me now conclude this first part of the essay, and begin
part 2 with an examination of ‘disconnection’ in the context of a discussion of Obeyesekere’s accounts of two South Asian
ecstatics. 相似文献
13.
Dan López de Sa 《Synthese》2008,163(2):263-272
According to the simple proposal, a predicate is rigid iff it signifies the same property across the different possible worlds. The simple proposal has been
claimed to suffer from an over-generalization problem. Assume that one can make sense of predicates signifying properties, and assume that trivialization concerns, to the effect
that the notion would cover any predicate whatsoever, can be overcome. Still, the proposal would over-generalize, the worry
has it, by covering predicates for artifactual, social, or evaluative properties, such as ‘is a knife,’ ‘is a bachelor,’ or
‘is funny.’ In defense, it is argued that rigidity for predicates as characterized plays the appropriate theoretical role,
and that the contention that “unnatural” properties are not to be rigidly signified is ungrounded. 相似文献
14.
Shenbai Liao 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(3):325-340
Along with the notion of being a person (zero run 做人), the notion of doing business (zuo shi 做事) in ordinary Chinese is basically an over-all notion of the norms in the practical and associative activities, carrying
typically obscure meanings on practice and association affairs in some external world. Ordinary Chinese not only distinguishes
these two notions but also defines a dictionary order of them, with the affairs of the internal world prior to those of the
external. The fact that the notion of doing business refers to business (shi 事) rather than person (ren 人) makes this order clear at a deeper level. It shows that this notion regards the practical affairs of the external world
less important to the person itself than those of the internal. Except for these qualities, the notion of doing business holds some normative meanings, although contains no definite rules. These meanings indirectly relate to the notion of person
that people form in their private associations and emerge as some mixture with a tactical attitude out of the need of earning
a life. The notion of person gives birth to some obscure requirements, for instance, the requirement of ‘doing business in accordance with your conscience’ and that of ‘doing business seriously’. The core world of family is marginalized in the public transition of associations. There are reasons to anticipate
that in this process the notion of doing business will undergo more radical changes than that of being a person.
__________
Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2005 (7) 相似文献
15.
Stephen Finlay 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(3):315-340
This paper advances a reductive semantics for ‘ought’ and a naturalistic theory of normativity. It gives a unified analysis
of predictive, instrumental, and categorical uses of ‘ought’: the predictive ‘ought’ is basic, and is interpreted in terms
of probability. Instrumental ‘oughts’ are analyzed as predictive ‘oughts’ occurring under an ‘in order that’ modifer (the
end-relational theory). The theory is then extended to categorical uses of ‘ought’: it is argued that they are special rhetorical
uses of the instrumental ‘ought’. Plausible conversational principles explain how this end-relational ‘ought’ can perform
the expressive functions of the moral ‘ought’. The notion of an ‘ought-simpliciter’ is also discussed.
相似文献
Stephen FinlayEmail: |
16.
Dermot Moran 《Continental Philosophy Review》2008,41(4):401-425
Throughout his career, Husserl identifies naturalism as the greatest threat to both the sciences and philosophy. In this paper, I explicate Husserl’s overall diagnosis and critique
of naturalism and then examine the specific transcendental aspect of his critique. Husserl agreed with the Neo-Kantians in rejecting naturalism. He has three major critiques of naturalism:
First, it (like psychologism and for the same reasons) is ‘countersensical’ in that it denies the very ideal laws that it needs for its own justification.
Second, naturalism essentially misconstrues consciousness by treating it as a part of the world. Third, naturalism is the
inevitable consequence of a certain rigidification of the ‘natural attitude’ into what Husserl calls the ‘naturalistic attitude’.
This naturalistic attitude ‘reifies’ and it ‘absolutizes’ the world such that it is treated as taken-for-granted and ‘obvious’.
Husserl’s transcendental phenomenological analysis, however, discloses that the natural attitude is, despite its omnipresence
in everyday life, not primary, but in fact is relative to the ‘absolute’ transcendental attitude. The mature Husserl’s critique
of naturalism is therefore based on his acceptance of the absolute priority of the transcendental attitude. The paradox remains that we must start from and, in a sense, return to the natural attitude, while, at the same time, restricting
this attitude through the on-going transcendental vigilance of the universal epoché.
相似文献
Dermot MoranEmail: |
17.
Johan van Benthem 《Synthese》2009,167(2):251-270
Issues about information spring up wherever one scratches the surface of logic. Here is a case that raises delicate issues
of ‘factual’ versus ‘procedural’ information, or ‘statics’ versus ‘dynamics’. What does intuitionistic logic, perhaps the earliest source of informational and procedural thinking in contemporary logic, really tell us about information?
How does its view relate to its ‘cousin’ epistemic logic? We discuss connections between intuitionistic models and recent
protocol models for dynamic-epistemic logic, as well as more general issues that emerge. 相似文献
18.
The Universal Right to Education: Freedom,Equality and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraternity</Emphasis>
Ylva Bergström 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(2):167-182
The overall aim of the article is to analyse how the universal right to education have been built, legitimized and used. And
more specifically ask who is addressed by the universal right to education, and who is given access to rights and to education.
The first part of the article focus on the history of declarations, the notion of the universal right to education, emphasizing
differences in matters of detail—for example, the meaning of ‘compulsory’, ‘children’s rights’ or ‘parents’ rights’—and critically
examining the right of the child and the right of the parent in terms of tensions between ‘social rights’ and ‘private autonomy
rights’. Despite differences in detail, the iterations of the universal right to education do share to the full in the idea
of education as such. In the second part the attempt to scrutinize the underlying assumptions legitimizing the consensus on
education, focusing again on the notion of the child. In conclusion I argue that a certain notion of what it is to be a human
being is inscribed within the circle of access to rights and education. These notions of what it means to be a child, a parent,
a citizen or a member of the ‘human family’ are notions of enlightenment and humanity and, to my understanding, aspects of
how democracy is configured around freedom, equality and fraternity. 相似文献
19.
Paul Knepper 《Jewish History》2008,22(3):295-315
In the decades before the First World War, London worried about anarchist outrages, and particularly, about Jews said to instigate
them. Jewish anarchists were rumoured to have been responsible for the ‘ripper’ murders in Whitechapel (1888), an attempt
to blow up the Royal Observatory at Greenwich Park (1894) and the Houndsditch murders (1910)/Sidney Street affair (1911).
Jews were a visible population in the East End, and editors, MPs, and police authorities offered Jewishness to explain the
‘who’ and ‘why’ of anarchist violence. Jews were also thought to have the capacity to become invisible, ‘outsiders’ who could
pass for ‘insiders’. In the radical press, and fictionalised accounts in novels such as Conrad’s The Secret Agent, the image of the Jewish anarchist became that of agent provocateur paid by police to infiltrate and undermine the movement.
Jews were said to operate behind-the-scenes, manipulating the economy and political structure. The invisible hand of the market
and the invisible hand of anarchism were attached to a Jewish body.
About the author: Paul Knepper (Ph.D. Arizona State) is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield,
and Research Fellow, Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester. Recent publications include ```Jewish Trafficking”
and London Jews in the Age of Migration’, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies (2008); ‘British Jews and the Racialisation of Crime in the Age of Empire’ British Journal of Criminology (2007); ‘Michael Polanyi and Jewish Identity’ Philosophy of the Social Sciences (2005); ‘Polanyi, “Jewish Problems”, and Zionism’ Tradition and Discovery (2005). 相似文献
20.
Hermann Schmitz Rudolf Owen M��llan Jan Slaby 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2011,10(2):241-259
The following text is the first ever translation into English of a writing by German phenomenologist Hermann Schmitz (*1928).
In it, Schmitz outlines and defends a non-mentalistic view of emotions as phenomena in interpersonal space in conjunction
with a theory of the felt body’s constitutive involvement in human experience. In the first part of the text, Schmitz gives
an overview covering some central pieces of his theory as developed, for the most part, in his massive System of Philosophy, published in German in a series of volumes between 1964 and 1980. Schmitz’s System is centred on the claim that the contemporary view of the human subject is the result of a consequential historical process:
A reductionist and ‘introjectionist’ objectification of lived experience culminating in the ‘invention’ of the mind (or ‘soul’)
as a private, inner realm of subjective experience and in a corresponding ‘grinding down’ of the world of lived experienced
to a meagre, value-neutral ‘objective reality’. To counter this intellectualist trend, Schmitz puts to use his approach to
phenomenology with the aim of regaining a sensibility for the nuanced realities of lived experience—hoping to make up for
what was lost during the development of Western intellectual culture. Since both this text and the overall style of Schmitz’s
philosophising are in several ways unusual for a contemporary readership, a brief introduction is provided by philosophers
Jan Slaby and Rudolf Owen Müllan, the latter of whom translated Schmitz’s text into English. The introduction emphasises aspects
of Schmitz’s philosophy that are likely to be of relevance to contemporary scholars of phenomenological philosophy and to
its potential applications in science and society. 相似文献