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1.
Perceptual processes play a central role in the planning and control of human voluntary action. Indeed, planning an action is a sensorimotor process operating on sensorimotor units, a process that is based on anticipations of perceptual action effects. I discuss how the underlying sensorimotor units emerge, and how they can be employed to tailor action plans to the goals at hand. I also discuss how even a single action can induce sensorimotor binding, how intentionally implemented short-term associations between stimuli and responses become autonomous, how feature overlap between stimulus events and actions makes them compatible, and why action plans are necessarily incomplete. 相似文献
2.
Two experiments investigated the effect of visuospatial attention on redundancy gain in simple reaction time tasks. In each
trial participants were given a central arrow cue indicating where a stimulus would most likely be presented (i.e., upper
or lower half of the display in Experiment 1; left or right half of the display in Experiment 2). Then, a single stimulus
or two redundant stimuli could be presented in either expected or unexpected locations. Replicating previous findings, responses
were faster when stimuli appeared in expected rather than unexpected locations, and they were also faster when two redundant
stimuli were presented than when only one was. Critically, redundancy gain was statistically equivalent for stimuli in expected
and unexpected locations, suggesting that the effect of redundancy gain arises after the perceptual processes influenced by
the allocation of visuospatial attention.
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3.
Attentional character is a way of thinking about what is relevant in a human life, what is meaningful and how it becomes so.
This paper introduces the concept of attentional character through a redefinition of attentional capture as achievement. It
looks freshly at the attentional capture debate in the current cognitive sciences literature through the lens of Aron Gurwitsch’s
gestalt-phenomenology. Attentional character is defined as an initially limited capacity for attending in a given environment
and is located within the sphere of attention, primarily as an irrelevant centering in attending.
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4.
The theory of event coding (TEC) is a general framework explaining how perceived and produced events (stimuli and responses)
are cognitively represented and how their representations interact to generate perception and action. This article discusses
the implications of TEC for understanding the control of voluntary action and makes an attempt to apply, specify, and concretize
the basic theoretical ideas in the light of the available research on action control. In particular, it is argued that the
major control operations may take place long before a stimulus is encountered (the prepared-reflex principle), that stimulus-response
translation may be more automatic than commonly thought, that action selection and execution are more interwoven than most
approaches allow, and that the acquisition of action-contingent events (action effects) is likely to subserve both the selection
and the evaluation of actions.
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5.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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6.
Three experiments investigated whether adding metric (higher-order, periodic) structure to tone sequences stabilizes syncopated finger tapping. Participants tapped in antiphase with metronomic tone sequences in which accents—produced by sounding two tones simultaneously—occurred regularly every two, three, or four tones (metric), occurred unpredictably (irregular), occurred on every tone (heavy beat), or were absent (light beat). Tap timing variability, although commensurate with metric and light beat sequences, was lower with metric than with heavy beat and irregular sequences even when the instructions specified using metric grouping in all conditions. Higher-order periodic fluctuations (delays) in tap timing—found only in metric conditions—were associated with low overall tap timing variability, suggesting that a regularly applied, meter-based phase-resetting mechanism stabilizes syncopation. 相似文献
7.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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8.
Recent and puzzling experimental results suggest that people’s judgments as to whether or not an action was performed intentionally
are sensitive to moral considerations. In this paper, we outline these results and evaluate two accounts which purport to
explain them. We then describe a recent experiment that allegedly vindicates one of these accounts and present our own findings
to show that it fails to do so. Finally, we present additional data suggesting no such vindication could be in the offing
and that, in fact, both accounts fail to explain the initial, puzzling results they were purported to explain.
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9.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
10.
In this paper we discuss visualizations in mathematics from a historical and didactical perspective. We consider historical
debates from the 17th and 19th centuries regarding the role of intuition and visualizations in mathematics. We also consider
the problem of what a visualization in mathematical learning can achieve. In an empirical study we investigate what mathematical
conclusions university students made on the basis of a visualization. We emphasize that a visualization in mathematics should
always be considered in its proper context.
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11.
Studies of perception have focussed on sensation, though more recently the perception of action has, once more, become the
subject of investigation. These studies have looked at acute experimental situations. The present paper discusses the subjective
experience of those with either clinical syndromes of loss of movement or sensation (spinal cord injury, sensory neuronopathy
syndrome or motor stroke), or with experimental paralysis or sensory loss. The differing phenomenology of these is explored
and their effects on intention and agency discussed. It is shown that sensory loss can have effects on the focussing of motor
command and that for some a sense of agency can return despite paralysis.
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12.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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13.
Ohne Zusammenfassung
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14.
This paper presents an new epistemicist account of vagueness, one that avoids standard arbitrariness worries by exploiting
a plenitudinous metaphysic.
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15.
This paper aims at creating an adequate theoretical basis for a systematic integration of institutional insights into the
pragma-dialectical analysis of argumentative exchanges that occur in institutionalised contexts. The argumentative practice
of Prime Minister’s Question Time in the British House of Commons is examined, as a case in point, in order to illustrate
how the knowledge of the characteristics of an institution, its rules and conventions can be integrated into the pragma-dialectical
analysis. The paper highlights the role that theoretical concepts and tools such as strategic manoeuvring, argumentative activity
types and dialectical profiles play in this integration.
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16.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
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17.
Human actions are often classified as either internally generated, or externally specified in response to environmental cues.
These two modes of action selection have distinct neural bases, but few studies investigated how the mode of action selection
affects the subjective experience of action. We measured the experience of action using the subjective compression of the
interval between actions and their effects, known as ‘temporal binding’. Participants performed either a left or a right key
press, either in response to a specific cue, or as they freely chose. Moreover, the time of each keypress could either be
explicitly cued to occur in one of two designated time intervals, or participants freely chose in which interval to act. Each
action was followed by a specific tone. Participants judged the time of their actions or the time of the tone. Temporal binding
was found for both internally generated and for stimulus-based actions. However, the amount of binding depended on whether
or not both the choice and the timing of action were selected in the same way. Stronger binding was observed when both action
choice and action timing were internally generated or externally specified, compared to conditions where the two parameters
were selected by different routes. Our result suggests that temporal action–effect binding depends on how actions are selected.
Binding is strongest when actions result from a single mode of selection.
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18.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
19.
This paper responds to a recent criticism of Uebel's analysis of Neurath's protocol statements and proposes some independent
amendments.
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20.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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