1985—1994年《心理学报》文章的统计分析

本文用文献计量法对《心理学报》１９８５—１９９４年的５６５篇论文作了统计,统计内容包括文章分类、作者情况和研究方法三方面,并与１９８５年在《心理学报》上发表的“《心理学报》文章的统计分析（以下简称前文）作比较,从中人们可以看出近十年来心理学发展的一般情况．     

《心理发展与教育》文章的统计分析

本文对1985-1994年《心理发展与教育》杂志的文章进行统计和分析,发现,该方面研究者大多集中于大专院校;研究对象以普通儿童居多;研究内容在认知和社会性发展方面的趋势最为明显,其中思维研究是认知研究的重点,在社会性发展研究中,有关社会情感和社会行为方面的研究较多;研究内容方面的另一特点是,心理与教育实际相结合的趋势较明显;研究方法逐渐向几种方法相结合的综合方法发展;统计处理上以推论统计为主,并体现出多元统计方法使用增加的趋势.     

儿童时距认知的研究简介及发展趋向

儿童对时间的认知包含对时序的认知和对时距的认知两个方面。本文主要介绍儿童对时距认知的一些研究,大致包含三个方面：（１）皮亚杰开创的在“时间—距离—速度”范型之内的研究;（２）影响时距认知的心理因素的研究和理论假设;（３）其他一些研究者就皮亚杰的观点提出的挑战性研究。另外,本文还介绍了国内研究人员在此方面所做的部分研究。     

术前人文关怀对肺癌手术患者全麻诱导心理和生理的影响

为探讨术前进行人文关怀式沟通和健康教育对肺癌手术患者全麻诱导后心理和生理的影响,将83例非同期别的肺癌手术患者（均采用全身麻醉,双腔管气管插管辅助通气）分成两组。观察组进行人文关怀式沟通,对照组采用普通沟通。判定方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）,根据焦虑评分反映两组患者入院即刻及手术前的心理变化情况,监测全麻诱导即刻与全麻诱导气管插管后5min患者平均动脉压（MBP）的波动、心率（HR）的变化,用两个时间段两个变量的差值来反映两组患者全麻诱导期发生心理和生理反应的情况。结果显示,两组患者入院即刻焦虑差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;手术前SAS评分两组患者较入院即刻降低（P〈0．05）,并且观察组与对照组相比下降更明显（P〈0．01）;观察组患者MBP波动无统计学意义（P〉0．05）、HR波动有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。因此,证实人文关怀式沟通和健康教育能够减轻肺癌患者在心理和生理两个方面对麻醉和手术产生的不良反应。     

心理账户：理论与应用启示

“心理账户”是人们在心理上对结果（尤其是经济结果）的编码、分类和估价的过程,它揭示了人们在进行（资金）财富决策时的心理认知过程。心理账户的理论成果主要集中在“非替代性”的本质特征以及特殊的心理运算规则,心理账户在各个应用领域的研究成果主要包括：价格感知;行为资产组合理论;行为生命周期理论以及消费预算的研究。未来将在多元化研究方法的基础上,开展跨文化研究,对心理账户的内在心理机制和认知规律深入探讨     

关于修订“93耳穴国标”的意见

“93耳穴国标”暴露了一些问题。需要修订的内容包括：（1）命名原则;（2）命名方法;（3）关于耳穴的纳入原则。修订后的耳穴新标国标的耳穴数量,由原来的91个减少至78个,而且使用主要命名方法命名的耳穴68个,占87.2%（“93国标”中只有59个,占68.6%）;使用补充命名方法命名的耳穴只有10个（耳尖、轮1,等等）,仅占12.8%（“93国标”中高达27个,占31.4%）,而且这10个耳穴都分布在较为特殊的部位,对耳穴的命名原则和主要的命名方法不构成任何冲击。     

社会心理服务体系建设的应然与实然：基于全国12个试点地区的评估

社会心理服务体系建设是我国创新社会治理的重要举措,旨在解决社会心态培育和心理建设问题,并按心理规律开展社会治理。然而这一概念的“应然意涵”是否在全国各地的建设实践中得以贯彻,仍有待探讨。本研究收集了反映全国12个社会心理服务体系建设试点地区实际工作情况的网络文本资料,按照组织架构、工作模式等6个一级指标以及其下的23个二级指标,对资料进行编码以描述各地建设的“实然状况”。文本分析结果显示：（1）各试点地区社会心理服务体系建设的内容定位“心理健康”倾向严重;（2）社会心理服务整体上仅偏重“风险防控”工作;（3）社会心理服务与社会治理关系错位。总之,全国各地社会心理服务体系建设的“实然状况”与“应然意涵”之间存在较大差距。     

中国人心理账户的内隐结构

“心理账户”是个人、家庭或企业集团在心理上对结果（尤其是经济结果）的记录、编码、分类和估价的心理过程,它揭示了人们进行资金（财富）决策时的内在认知编码。研究对全国9个省市1268名有效被试进行问卷调查,经过探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析以及二阶因子验证发现：中国人的心理账户系统有一个相对稳定的“3－4－2”分类结构。即收入账户有“工作相关的常规收入”、“非常规的额外收入”和“经营收入”三个账户;开支账户有“生活必需开支”、“家庭建设与个人发展开支”、“情感维系开支”和“享乐休闲开支”四个账户;存储账户有“安全型保障账户”和“风险型存储账户”两个账户。心理账户的分类研究对探究人们的经济决策行为有重要意义     

汉语模糊性的初步探讨

本文从三方面论述汉语的“模糊性”：（１）汉语模糊性的分类：按表达形式、心理内容、表达感觉、表达判断、特定短语、科学内容、宗教教义和名实不符等分为八类。（２）汉语模糊性的应用：按用于生活、科学、文艺和宗教分为四类。（３）汉语模糊性的产生与形成的原因和机理：共分为语言本身、心理活动、习惯定势、神经系统的机能和结构等五个方面。     

心理学名词审定工作总结

1 前言 我国第一本规范《心理学名词》（心理学名词审定委员会,2001）,经全国科技名词审定委员会（1985年成立时原称全国自然科学名词审定委员会,1997年8月改为现名;以下简称全国名词委）组织全国150余名心理学专家审定,已由科学出版社出版。该书公布了经全国名词委审定的心理学基本名词2973条,按“基础心理学”和“应用心理学”两大类编排。前者分普通心理学和实验心理学、心理统计心理测量与量表、心理学史、生理心理学、发展心理学、社会心理学等6个分支,共有2039个名词;后者分教育心理学、医学心理学、工业心理学、法制心理学、…     

Randomization tests as alternative analysis methods for behavior‐analytic data

Randomization statistics offer alternatives to many of the statistical methods commonly used in behavior analysis and the psychological sciences, more generally. These methods are more flexible than conventional parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques in that they make no assumptions about the underlying distribution of outcome variables, are relatively robust when applied to small‐n data sets, and are generally applicable to between‐groups, within‐subjects, mixed, and single‐case research designs. In the present article, we first will provide a historical overview of randomization methods. Next, we will discuss the properties of randomization statistics that may make them particularly well suited for analysis of behavior‐analytic data. We will introduce readers to the major assumptions that undergird randomization methods, as well as some practical and computational considerations for their application. Finally, we will demonstrate how randomization statistics may be calculated for mixed and single‐case research designs. Throughout, we will direct readers toward resources that they may find useful in developing randomization tests for their own data.     

Localized measures for nonstationary time-series of physiological data

We will discuss localized measures related to the concepts of dimension, Lyapunove exponents (entropy), and recurrence diagrams. We stress the relevance of localized events and coincidences in physiological time series that often are lost when statistical averaging methods are applied. We suggest event-based statistics as an alternative to spectral or averaged-based statistics. The use of wavelets bases for characterizing localized structures is discussed as a potential alternative to Fourier-based analysis. Finally we mention how local domains in state space could be applied as triggers for external stimuli and thereby improve the statistics of ERP recordings.     

医学科研或论文中常见的统计学问题

医学统计学在医学科研中占有重要地位,统计方法正确使用与否直接影响论文的结果和质量,但是具体使用过程中统计学方法或指标常常被混淆或使用不妥。本文就科研设计、数据描述、推演结论等方面容易混淆的统计学常见问题进行简要阐述,并举例分析可能出现误用的指标和方法,提高医务工作者对医学统计学的认识。     

How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list

In this guide, we present a reading list to serve as a concise introduction to Bayesian data analysis. The introduction is geared toward reviewers, editors, and interested researchers who are new to Bayesian statistics. We provide commentary for eight recommended sources, which together cover the theoretical and practical cornerstones of Bayesian statistics in psychology and related sciences. The resources are presented in an incremental order, starting with theoretical foundations and moving on to applied issues. In addition, we outline an additional 32 articles and books that can be consulted to gain background knowledge about various theoretical specifics and Bayesian approaches to frequently used models. Our goal is to offer researchers a starting point for understanding the core tenets of Bayesian analysis, while requiring a low level of time commitment. After consulting our guide, the reader should understand how and why Bayesian methods work, and feel able to evaluate their use in the behavioral and social sciences.     

Analysis and meta-analysis of single-case designs: An introduction

The last 10 years have seen great progress in the analysis and meta-analysis of single-case designs (SCDs). This special issue includes five articles that provide an overview of current work on that topic, including standardized mean difference statistics, multilevel models, Bayesian statistics, and generalized additive models. Each article analyzes a common example across articles and presents syntax or macros for how to do them. These articles are followed by commentaries from single-case design researchers and journal editors. This introduction briefly describes each article and then discusses several issues that must be addressed before we can know what analyses will eventually be best to use in SCD research. These issues include modeling trend, modeling error covariances, computing standardized effect size estimates, assessing statistical power, incorporating more accurate models of outcome distributions, exploring whether Bayesian statistics can improve estimation given the small samples common in SCDs, and the need for annotated syntax and graphical user interfaces that make complex statistics accessible to SCD researchers. The article then discusses reasons why SCD researchers are likely to incorporate statistical analyses into their research more often in the future, including changing expectations and contingencies regarding SCD research from outside SCD communities, changes and diversity within SCD communities, corrections of erroneous beliefs about the relationship between SCD research and statistics, and demonstrations of how statistics can help SCD researchers better meet their goals.     

Statistical inference in behavior analysis: Environmental determinants?

Use of inferential statistics should be based on the experimental question, the nature of the design, and the nature of the data. A hallmark of single-subject designs is that such statistics should not be required to determine whether the data answer the experimental question. Yet inferential statistics are being included more often in papers that purport to present data relevant to the behavior of individual organisms. The reasons for this too often seem to be extrinsic to the experimental analysis of behavior. They include lapses in experimental design and social pressure from colleagues who are unfamiliar with single-subject research. Regardless of whether inferential statistics are used, behavior analysts need to be sophisticated about experimental design and inferential statistics. Such sophistication not only will enhance design and analysis of behavioral experiments, but also will make behavior analysts more persuasive in presenting rationales for the use or nonuse of inferential statistics to the larger scientific community.     

A hypertext-based tutorial with links to the Web for teaching statistics and research methods

An online tutorial for research design and statistics is described. This tutorial provides a way for students to learn how scales of measure, research design, statistics, and graphing data are related. The tutorial also helps students determine what statistical analysis is appropriate for a given design and how the results of the analysis should be plotted in order to effectively communicate the results of a study. Initial research suggests that students using the tutorial are more accurate in their decisions about the design and statistics associated with a study. Students are also more confident in the decisions and find them easier to make when using the tutorial. Furthermore, practice with the tutorial appears to improve problem-solving ability in subsequent design and statistics scenarios. Implications for teaching statistics and research design are discussed.     

个人拟合指数对人格测验的影响及意义

个人拟合指标是考察心理测验中偏差得分模式的新方法。研究中考察了G、C、MCI、U3、U、W、ECI6、L等8个拟合指标对艾森克人格问卷信效度的影响,以及各指标与正反向题回答不一致项目数的相关。结果表明,删除不同比例拟合程度不好的个体后,测验的信效度明显提高。同时PFS可鉴别人格测验中的默认反应偏差。各指标中l对测验信效度的改善效果最为理想。     

A critique of the usefulness of inferential statistics in applied behavior analysis

Researchers continue to recommend that applied behavior analysts use inferential statistics in making decisions about effects of independent variables on dependent variables. In many other approaches to behavioral science, inferential statistics are the primary means for deciding the importance of effects. Several possible uses of inferential statistics are considered. Rather than being an objective means for making decisions about effects, as is often claimed, inferential statistics are shown to be subjective. It is argued that the use of inferential statistics adds nothing to the complex and admittedly subjective nonstatistical methods that are often employed in applied behavior analysis. Attacks on inferential statistics that are being made, perhaps with increasing frequency, by those who are not behavior analysts, are discussed. These attackers are calling for banning the use of inferential statistics in research publications and commonly recommend that behavioral scientists should switch to using statistics aimed at interval estimation or the method of confidence intervals. Interval estimation is shown to be contrary to the fundamental assumption of behavior analysis that only individuals behave. It is recommended that authors who wish to publish the results of inferential statistics be asked to justify them as a means for helping us to identify any ways in which they may be useful.