大学生网络使用改变策略探讨:问卷编制及特点分析

研究目的:探讨跨阶段改变理论在网络成瘾领域的应用,探索网络使用者本身的改变策略及形成测量工具,为有效干预提供新的思路。研究过程和方法:采用质性研究和量化研究相结合的方法,在前期深入访谈的基础上,编制大学生网络使用改变策略问卷并进行大规模的施测。被试来自北京市7所高校的1166名大学生,按大约2:3的方式将被试随机分成两组(N1=441,N2=725)分别用于探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果和结论:研究结果发现大学生网络使用改变策略由5个维度组成,分别是行为监控、制定计划、危害觉察、回避上网和刺激识别,问卷信效度良好。同时研究发现,处在不同改变阶段的被试所使用的改变策略会有所区别。     

计数与匹配:5~6岁儿童量比较策略的发展特点

选取56名5~6岁儿童,采用计算机呈现刺激的方式,实现了刺激的动态呈现来模拟策略的使用过程,并通过对于被试正确率和反应时的考察确定了每一名被试使用计数和匹配策略进行量比较的特点。结果表明:(1)与计数策略相比,儿童对于匹配策略的掌握更加成熟,5岁和5岁半组被试使用匹配策略解决量比较问题的正确率更高;(2)在已经掌握计数和匹配两种策略的情况下,仍有一部分儿童更倾向于使用匹配策略来解决量比较问题。     

其它可能原因的呈现方式在因果判断中的作用

研究使用不同方式呈现了其它可能原因,研究了这种不同的呈现方式对被试使用共变信息和经验信息进行因果判断的影响。研究结果表明:(1)其它可能原因的呈现方式对于因果判断有着一定的影响。当这一信息在待判断原因与结果的共变中出现、且永远存在时,被试会排除这一其它可能原因的作用,从而增强判断的信心;(2)当其它可能原因出现于待判断原因与结果的共变中、且永远存在时,被试会在一定程度上忽视经验信息的作用,更多地依赖共变信息做出判断。     

小学生数学应用题解题水平影响因素的实验研究

该研究采用四因素混合实验设计考察不同的问题呈现方式对不同视空间能力、场认知方式以及不同年级小学生的数学应用题解题水平的影响情况,研究得出以下结论:有一定视觉提示的问题呈现方式在不同程度上促进了小学生数学应用题解题水平的提高,但不同的问题呈现方式对不同被试影响情况不同;低空间能力-场依存型被试在图形提示的呈现方式下解题水平提高程度最大。     

词汇决定任务中的策略因素

１前言词汇决定任务是字词识别研究中使用最多的实验任务之一。该任务要求被试区分真词和非词，并做出按键反应。为此，被试必须建立一个判断标准，以便在可接受的错误率下有快速的反应，而这个判断标准有可能随着刺激性质的变化而变化。在不同的刺激情景下，被试可能采用不同的反应策略，建立不同的反应标准。本研究就是要探查中文词汇决定任务是否受被试反应策略的影响。由于我们在不同非词条件下，保证呈现相同的真词，相同的呈现时间和视觉质量，井要求同样的按键反应，所以，任何观察到的对相同真调的反应时或错误率的差异都应归因于被…     

问题解决中策略的变化：一项微观发生研究

以30名小学三年级儿童为被试,以一种特殊的方程问题为材料,采用微观发生法,先后进行了5次测查,收集了解题后的口语报告资料,从策略变化的路线、速率、广度、来源以及变化模式的多样性等方面详细探讨了问题解决策略的变化过程。结果发现,在面临新的问题时,被试缺乏相应知识和专门的解题策略,这时以使用多种常规策略以及错误策略为主;此后,当被试建构起对问题的正确表征时,就以使用正确策略为主,甚至发现了非常有技巧性和领域专门性的快捷策略,这时策略的数量明显减少;在面临难度较大的迁移题目时,快捷策略的使用率又降低,而更多借助于常规策略。可见,策略的获得是一个由错误到正确、由多种尝试到选择其一、由一般到专门的演化过程,这主要是一个学生自主建构的过程,当然也受到正式和非正式教育提供的知识的影响。值得说明的是,快捷策略的获得受到问题呈现模式的影响。总是呈现相同题目的单一模式有助于快捷策略的发现,而在混合训练中,插入不同性质的题目会干扰快捷策略的发现;但是,当面临迁移问题时,单一训练相比于混合训练的优势会消失。此外,正确使用常规策略是发现快捷策略的前提。     

项目突显方式对视觉搜索策略的影响

搜索策略是将视觉注意导引到目标最可能出现位置的直接认知控制。本研究采用眼动跟踪技术与视觉搜索时间——鼠标点击时间的分离技术,探讨计算机视觉界面不同项目突显方式下的搜索策略问题。结果表明：（1）有无项目突显方式、不同的突显有效性水平,被试采用了导向式和序列式两种不同的搜索策略;（2）被试采用导向式搜索策略时,被试在第一个感兴趣区域首注视点百分比小于58.3％,在视觉搜索过程中的注视点数量明显较小、扫视轨迹长度和注视时间明显较少;（3）被试采用序列式搜索策略时,被试在第一个感兴趣区域首注视点百分比大于58.3％,在视觉搜索过程中的注视点数量明显较多、扫视轨迹长度和注视时间明显较长;（4）采用导向式的视觉搜索策略能显著减少被试的视觉搜索时间,提高视觉搜索的绩效,但不能显著减少被试的鼠标点击时间;（5）因为视觉界面上突显的设置改变了用户的搜索策略,所以提高了视觉搜索绩效。     

图形面积判断任务下信息加工模式和信息呈现方式对吸引效应的影响

研究使用图形面积判断任务取代典型的双属性决策框架, 考察了不同信息加工模式和信息呈现方式对吸引效应的影响。实验1比较了不同信息加工模式对吸引效应的影响, 结果发现, 当被试以直觉的信息加工方式进行面积比较判断时, 吸引效应不显著, 而以分析的信息加工方式判断时吸引效应明显存在, 后者效应强度显著大于前者。实验2通过调整图形排列顺序, 比较了刺激材料呈现方式对吸引效应的影响, 结果表明, 被试以直觉的信息加工方式进行判断时吸引效应依然存在, 但其表现要受信息呈现方式影响, 相对于将目标图形放置于诱引图形和竞争图形之间, 将诱引图形放置于目标图形和竞争图形之间而成为判断背景时, 吸引效应强度更大。研究提出了吸引效应形成的两阶段理论, 认为吸引效应产生的根源同时来自直觉的和分析的两个信息加工阶段, 研究也证实信息呈现方式对被试信息加工方式造成较大影响, 进而影响吸引效应强度。     

信息呈现方式与学习者的个性特征对多媒体环境下学习效果的影响

采用两个实验:实验一以陈述性知识为学习内容,实验二以程序性知识为学习内容,在这两种情况下,分别用组间设计探讨信息呈现方式对不同认知风格和空间能力的学习者在多媒体环境下学习效果的影响。结果表明:(1)认知风格对陈述性知识在多媒体环境下的学习效果产生影响,而选择的多媒体信息呈现方式和被试的空间能力则对其不产生影响;(2)对于程序性知识的保持,多媒体信息呈现方式和被试认知风格都会对学习效果产生影响,被试空间能力则不会产生影响,而且被试不同的认知风格在不同的多媒体信息呈现方式上会产生不同的影响;(3)对程序性知识的迁移,多媒体信息呈现方式、被试认知风格和空间能力都会对多媒体环境下的学习效果产生影响,而且被试不同的认知风格和空间能力在不同的多媒体信息呈现方式上都会产生不同的影响。     

图示写实性对飞机安全须知卡可理解性的影响

本研究使用眼动技术及模拟操作任务考察了图示写实性对飞机安全须知卡可理解性的影响。三组被试分别阅读写实照片、卡通插画、目标实物+其余图画的混合呈现等三种不同呈现形式的安全须知示意图,随后完成模拟操作任务。结果显示,混合组较写实组能更好地引导被试注意投放到与安全操作有关的关键区域上;混合组与写实组的模拟操作绩效均优于卡通组。基于上述结果,笔者建议使用"混合呈现方式"的飞机安全须知卡向乘客传递安全信息。     

初中生自我调节学习发展研究

研究基于自我调节学习理论,以初中生为被试,采用问卷调查的方法,构建了自我调节学习的发展模式,并以此为基础探讨了元认知、认知策略、自我效能感、动机情绪策略和资源管理策略等因素随年级发展变化的规律及作用。结果表明,年级不同其自我调节学习发展模式不同;低年级自我效能感、学习策略对成绩有直接作用,高年级自我效能感对成绩的作用必须以元认知和认知策略为中介,随年级增长元认知的直接作用越明显。     

The internal representation of simple geometric networks: Experiments with sequential part presentation

Three experiments are described on the development of internal representations (IRs) of networks resembling city road maps when these are seen only part by part.In the first study four ways of extracting information from a subject about the structure of his IRs were compared under two modes of sequential part presentation establishing an absolute and a relative frame of reference, respectively. No differences were found between response or reference modes.The second study employed yet another reference mode, the egocentric, and varied the speed of presentation. It was found that in the egocentric mode subjects developed an adequate IR via a purely sequential stage of processing, while a part-to-whole strategy prevailed in the other modes. In the egocentric mode it took longer to develop an adequate IR than in the other modes. No effect of presentation speed was found.In the third experiment the effects of two variables (number of corners, number of crossings) possibly related to a network's complexity were investigated. The results did not make a wholly clear picture and pointed to the necessity of further experimentation.     

Monopoly money: the effect of payment coupling and form on spending behavior

This article examines consumer spending as a function of payment mode both when the modes differ in terms of payment coupling (association between purchase decision and actual parting of money) and physical form as well as when the modes differ only in terms of form. Study 1 demonstrates that consumers are willing to spend more when a credit card logo is present versus absent. Study 2 shows that the credit card effect can be attenuated when people estimate their expenses using a decomposition strategy (vs. a holistic one). Noting that credit card and cash payments differ in terms of payment coupling and form, Studies 3 and 4 examine consumer spending when the payment mode differs only in physical form. Study 3 demonstrates that consumers spend more when they are spending scrip (a form of stored value certificate) versus cash of the same face value. Study 4 shows that the difference in spending across payment modes (cash and gift certificates) is attenuated by altering the salience of parting with money through contextual manipulations of the differences between cash and gift certificates.     

Identifying a “default” visual search mode with operant conditioning

The presence of a singleton in a task-irrelevant domain can impair visual search. This impairment, known as the attentional capture depends on the set of participants. When narrowly searching for a specific feature (the feature search mode), only matching stimuli capture attention. When searching broadly (the singleton detection mode), any oddball captures attention. The present study examined which strategy represents the “default” mode using an operant conditioning approach in which participants were trained, in the absence of explicit instructions, to search for a target in an ambiguous context in which one of two modes was available. The results revealed that participants behaviorally adopted the singleton detection as the default mode but reported using the feature search mode. Conscious strategies did not eliminate capture. These results challenge the view that a conscious set always modulates capture, suggesting that the visual system tends to rely on stimulus salience to deploy attention.     

Instruction Modes for Motor Control Skills Acquisition: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

The objective was to compare two different instruction modes used to teach patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) to perform a lumbar motor control task. The three intervention instruction modes used were: common verbal explanation of a motor task based on a motor control therapeutic exercise (MCTE-control group), MTCE instructed using motor imagery (MI) and MCTE instructed using tactile feedback (TF). The main outcome measure was lumbar motor control of the neutral position test. Forty-eight patients with CLBP were randomly allocated into three groups of 16 patients per group. The MI strategy was the most effective mode for developing the motor control task in an accurate and controlled manner, obtaining better outcomes than TF or verbal instruction.     

Evidence for adaptive shoulder-elbow control in cyclical movements with different amplitudes, frequencies, and orientations

The evolution of joint dynamics and muscle patterning in the shoulder and elbow was studied for cyclical line drawing tasks at different frequencies, amplitudes, and orientations in the horizontal plane. Three main modes of control were identified: elbow-centered, shoulder-centered, and elbow-shoulder, each referring to the principal joints or joint combinations that were used to achieve the behavioral goals. The contribution of the shoulder joint was most prominent across the majority of movement orientations and largely paralleled changes in the dynamic (inertial) forces in the end effector (shoulder-centered control). The two joints either exchanged roles during the performance of the right diagonal movement (elbow-centered control) or shifted from a single-joint strategy to a dual-joint strategy during the performance of large amplitudes with low or medium cycling frequencies (shoulder-elbow control). These behavioral results support the existence of a modular control mode that allows the central nervous system to effectively tune motor commands to meet a broad variety of orientations, amplitudes, and frequencies. This refers to the emergence of a context-dependent control mode for the shoulder and elbow that optimizes the implementation of the underlying motor goals under a rich combination of spatial and temporal manipulations.     

Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

The time course of lexical access in fluent Portuguese-English bilinguals and in English speaking monolinguals was examined during the on-line processing of spoken sentences using the phoneme-triggered lexical decision task (Blank, 1980). The bilinguals were tested in two distinct speech modes: a monolingual, English or Portuguese, speech mode, and a bilingual, code-switching, speech mode. Although the bilingual’s lexical decision response times to word targets in the monolingual speech modes were identical to those of the monolingual subjects, their response times to code-switched word targets in the bilingual mode were significantly slower. In addition, the bilinguals took longer to detect nonwords in both the monolingual and bilingual modes. These results confirm that bilinguals cannot totally deactivate their other language when in a monolingual speech mode. It is hypothesized that bilinguals search both lexicons when confronted with nonwords, even when in a totally monolingual mode, and that they search the base-language lexicon before the other lexicon when in a bilingual, code-switching, speech mode.     

Visual and verbal modes of information processing and their relation to the effectiveness of cognitively-based anxiety-reduction techniques

This study examined the interaction between preferred modes of information processing (visual and verbal) and two cognitively-based anxiety-reduction techniques. One technique was based on the use of images as a coping strategy while the other employed a self-instructional approach. Thirty-six subjects reporting high levels of dental fear were assigned to one of three groups (two types of treatment and a no-treatment control). One-half of the subjects in each group had been identified as preferring the visual mode of information processing while for the other half the verbal mode was preferred. After treatment, subjects viewed an anxiety-inducing videotape depicting a visit to the dentist. Results indicated that, while both treatments were significantly effective in reducing self-reports of discomfort while viewing the videotape, there was no significant interaction between the type of treatment and preferred cognitive mode. The results were interpreted as indicating that treatment may override individual cognitive styles. Furthermore, the data suggested that the normal individual has the ability to adapt to divergent and non-preferred forms of information processing.     

Transitions between Modes of Inquiry in a Rule Discovery Task

Scientists obtain their knowledge about the world through one of two major modes of inquiry—observation of naturally occurring phenomena and active experimentation. Both modes of inquiry have been extensively researched in studies of hypothesis testing behaviour and scientific inquiry, the first in studies employing the reception paradigm, the second in studies employing the selection/generation paradigm. The prevalence of both paradigms and their correspondence to well-established modes of scientific inquiry led to the hypothesis that subjects, if allowed, would employ both modes of inquiry. The variables affecting the choice of one mode rather than the other and the transitions between the two modes were expected to shed new light on the process of scientific inquiry. To test this hypothesis, 27 adults and 27 eighth-graders were set three rule-discovery problems, in a computer environment that allowed free transitions between item reception and generation. Item generation was significantly more prevalent in the adult sample, but almost all the adults and approximately half the children employed both modes of inquiry in at least one problem. When both modes of inquiry were employed, the reception mode tended to precede the generation mode. An inverse relationship was observed between item generation and the proportion of positive instances supplied by the environment. Individual inquiry styles were evident in both age groups. These results call attention to the need for a theory incorporating both modes of inquiry as integral components of the inquiry process. They also demonstrate the utility of empirical investigations that let subjects freely choose which mode to employ at any point of the inquiry process.