A Puzzle Concerning Time Perception

According to a plausible and influential account of perceptual knowledge, the truth-makers of beliefs that constitute perceptual knowledge must feature in the causal explanation of how we acquire those beliefs. However, this account runs into difficulties when it tries to accommodate time perception – specifically perception of order and duration – since the features we are apparently tracking in such perception are (it is argued) not causal. The central aim of the paper is to solve this epistemological puzzle. Two strategies are examined. The first strategy locates the causal truth-makers within the psychological mechanism underlying time perception, thus treating facts about time order and duration as mind-dependent. This strategy, however, is problematic. The second strategy modifies the causal account of perceptual knowledge to include a non-causal component in the explanation of belief-acquisition, namely chronometric explanation. Applying this much more satisfactory approach to perceptual knowledge of time, we can preserve the mind-independence of order and duration, but not that of time's flow.     

Adolescent Perception of Peer Success: A Gendered Perspective over Time

Adolescent males and females (grades 6–12) (n = 552) were presented with nine brief vignettes from the Teen Apperception Scale, describing high-achieving hypothetical female (or male) peers, across nine domains: leadership, academics, athleticism (two), musicianship, art, popularity, humor, and multitalentedness. Teens rated likability, popularity, and attractiveness of vignette subjects in each domain. The sample was roughly evenly divided by gender (47% male and 53% female); students ranged in age from 11 to 18 years. The sample was ethnically diverse, and the socioeconomic status of the students' families ranged from lower middle to upper middle class. MANOVA analyses showed female vignette subjects to be rated significantly higher than male subjects by both genders and all grade groupings, at p < .0001 overall, and at values ranging from p < .05 to p < .0001 for six of nine subscales. Results are contrasted with those from highly similar studies 30 years ago, and used to reflect a possible shift in attitudes toward high achievement in women.     

Staring and Compliance: A Field Experiment on Hitchhiking

A field experiment was conducted in which a single male, a single female, or a male-female couple attempted to hitch rides at four different traffic locations, under conditions in which the hitchhikers either stared at or looked away from oncoming drivers. It was found that staring increased the probability of a driver stopping from .03 to .067 (z = 2.96, p = .003). The female was a more successful hitchhiker than either the male or the couple, (z = 2.215, p = .026; z = 1.861, p .063, respectively).     

Telephone Interviewing: A Reappraisal and a Field Experiment

A review of 25 empirical evaluations of telephone interviewing indicated that the method compares favorably with face-to-face interviewing in terms of the range of subject matter that can be covered, length of interview, response rates, quality of data, and, most conspicuously, cost. In order to surmount some of the limitations of previous empirical comparisons of the two interviewing methods, a field experiment was conducted wherein 93 interviewers administered either face-to-face or telephone interviews to 470 similarly selected household respondents. Although the two methods did not differ significantly in terms of response rates, codeability of data, or reporting on sensitive issues, they did differ somewhat in interview length and the sex composition of the samples obtained.     

时距知觉的扭曲:新异刺激效应

时距知觉会受到刺激新异性的影响,新异刺激的呈现时间往往被认为长于等时距重复出现的标准刺激的呈现时间.已有研究在解释这种主观的时距扩张现象时主要涉及三种假设:注意假设、唤醒假设和神经编码效能假设.研究中的变量混淆问题、跨通道效应和时间因素是今后研究中值得思考的几个问题.对于新异刺激效应产生的心理和神经机制,研究者们还存在着较大分歧.进一步探讨其心理和神经机制对理解时距知觉具有重要意义.     

Effects of Job Redesign: A Field Experiment1

A telephone company project to redesign the job of directory assistance operator was: studied in order to determine the effects on workers of “job enrichment” programs. The change increased the amount of variety and the decisionmaking autonomy in the operator's job. However, no change in work motivation, job involvement, or growth need satisfaction occurred as a result of the changes; instead, the changes had a significant negative impact on interpersonal relationships. After the changes, the older employees reported less satisfaction with the quality of their interpersonal relationships, and those supervisors whose jobs were affected by the changes reported less job security and reduced interpersonal satisfaction. Implications of these findings for the theory of job redesign proposed by Hackman and Lawler (1971) are discussed.     

时间知觉和关联负变化

关联负变化（contingent negative variation, CNV）被认为是与时间知觉过程有关的ERP成份。有关研究发现,CNV波幅会随着时间知觉到的长度和时间知觉的准确性而发生变化;CNV波幅的潜伏期与时间比较的判断决策过程有关;时间知觉中所诱发的CNV的脑内源存在历时性激活的特点且存在半球效应。为了进一步揭示时间知觉的神经机制,还需要结合具有高空间分辨率的脑成像技术和神经心理学的研究     

时间知觉理论和实验范型

回顾了时间知觉界定上的纷争．在分段综合的框架下考察了时间知觉的内涵．并基于生物模型、认知模型和综合模型对时间知觉的理论解释进行了讨论,还分析了时间知觉的实验范型．进一步指出分段综合取向对时间知觉研究的重要意义。     

时间知觉的注意调节：一项ERP研究

采用双任务实验范式探讨时间知觉注意调节的动态过程。通过指导语使被试按照比例将注意分配到声音刺激的时间属性与音调属性上,形成对时间因素不同注意程度的五种注意条件,同时记录反应时、错误率和事件相关电位数据。对峰值分析发现,P2注意条件主效应不显著,但多重比较时T（只注意时间）与P（只注意音调）条件差异显著;对CNV平均波幅分析,发现注意条件主效应显著,随着分配在时间属性上的注意的减少,其波幅逐渐降低;对T与P条件的差异波地形图分析发现,波幅最大的区域位于额叶、中央区和顶叶;该差异波的偶极子定位于辅助运动区（额上回、额中回）和顶下小叶。以上结果表明,P2阶段存在时间信息加工;CNV反映时间知觉的注意调节,时间知觉中存在控制加工应该以CNV的出现为指标;辅助运动区可能为时间知觉的核心成分,具有跨通道效应;顶下小叶也与对时间的注意有关,但并不是特异性的。本研究不支持Lewis提出的 “自动”与“认知控制”计时系统理论中 “秒”为两系统分界点以及辅助运动区只属于“自动计时系统”的观点     

Implementing Realistic Job Previews and Expectation-Lowering Procedures: A Field Experiment

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of preemployment interventions on newly hired telemarketers. The procedures used were a realistic job preview (RJP), an expectation-lowering procedure (ELP), a combination (RJP & ELP), and the control condition (minimal socialization). While we know these procedures enhance the integration of newcomers to an organization, we do not know the optimal combination of RJP and ELP in the employee socialization process. The three procedures yielded relatively lower expectations than did the control group. Participants in the experimental conditions (ELP, RJP, and ELP & RJP) reported significantly lower expectations than did the control group. The lowered expectations, however, did not result in higher retention rates in all of the conditions. The RJP & ELP combination resulted in the largest number of days worked, the major criterion of interest in this study. There was no significant difference in number of days worked between the control group and the RJP group. The current study indicates that a non-job-specific ELP in combination with an RJP may exceed the benefits of an RJP or an ELP used alone. Furthermore, organizational implications regarding the different procedures are discussed.     

Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism: A Field Experiment

The research reported here examined the effects of two potential motivators of political activism—policy change threat and policy change opportunity—in a field experiment. Different versions of a letter were sent by a political lobbying organization to potential contributors. One version highlighted threats of undesirable policy changes, another version highlighted opportunities for desirable policy changes, and the third version did neither. Policy change threat increased the number of financial contributions made to the interest group, but policy change opportunity did not. Policy change opportunity increased the number of signed postcards returned to be sent to President Clinton, but policy change threat did not. These findings highlight the impact of interest group recruitment strategies on citizen responsiveness and demonstrate the need to account for sources of motivation in order to more fully understand when, why, and how citizens choose to become politically active.     

Changing Peer Perceptions and Victimization through Classroom Arrangements: A Field Experiment

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an experimental manipulation of distance between classmates on peer affiliations and classroom climate. Participants were 651 10-to-12 year-old children (48% boys) from 27 Grade 5 and Grade 6 classrooms of 23 schools, who were assigned to an experimental or a control condition. Peer affiliations were assessed with peer nominations and likeability ratings before and after the manipulation of distance. In the experimental condition, children who did not like each other were placed closer together for several weeks in order to promote more positive peer relations. The decrease in distance lead to higher likeability ratings for children who were perceived most negatively at the beginning of the school year. In addition, a reduction in peer-reported victimization and social withdrawal nominations was found. The results suggest that the classroom seating arrangement can be used as a tool to improve liking among peers and reduce peer-reported problem behaviors in the classroom.     

情绪对时间知觉的影响

研究了情绪唤醒度和愉悦度对时间知觉的影响及其机制.以53名大学生为被试,采用中国情绪图片系统为情绪诱发材料,使用时间两分法和泛化法考察唤醒和注意机制对时间知觉的影响.结果表明:在短时距下,(1)唤醒度和愉悦度对时间知觉的影响可能是独立的,两个实验中交互作用都不显著;(2)情绪主要通过唤醒机制影响时间知觉,被试在高唤醒情绪下知觉到的时间显著长于在低唤醒情绪下知觉到的时间.     

Time Perception in Alcoholics and other Psychiatric Patients

A battery of time perception tests evaluating the areas of filled time estimation, empty time estimation, time in abstract reasoning and short interval comparisons was administered to 30 alcoholic inpatients, 24 general psychiatric inpatients, and 17 normal controls. The tests of abstract reasoning and estimates of unfilled intervals discriminated between the alcoholic and general psychiatric group on the one hand, and the controls on the other. No significant differences between alcoholic and general psychiatric patients were found.     

时间知觉与估计的认知理论综述

本文回顾时间知觉与估计的实验研究 ,总结该领域的国内外研究结果 ,对该领域的各主要认知模型作了较全面的考察和评述 ,并进一步探讨了时间认知领域研究的今后发展 ,尤其是时间知觉与估计研究的脑电研究思路。     

Time Flies When You're Having Approach-Motivated Fun: Effects of Motivational Intensity on Time Perception

Time flies when you're having fun, but what is it about pleasant experiences that makes time seem to go by faster? In the experiments reported here, we tested the proposal that approach motivation causes perceptual shortening of time during pleasant experiences. Relative to a neutral state or a positive state with low approach motivation (Experiment 1), a positive state with high approach motivation shortened perceptions of time. Also, individual differences in approach motivation predicted shorter perceptions of time. In Experiment 2, we manipulated approach motivation independently of the affective state and showed that increasing approach motivation caused time to be perceived as passing more quickly. In Experiment 3, we showed that positive approach motivation, as opposed to arousal, shortens perception of time by comparing a highly arousing positive state with a highly arousing negative state. Shortening of time perception in appetitive states may prolong approach-motivated behavior and increase the likelihood of acquiring appetitive objects or goals.     

Impact of Internal Auditing on Branch Bank Performance: A Field Experiment

We conducted an experiment to assess the contribution of internal auditing to organizational effectiveness. We randomly assigned 224 bank branches to experimental conditions (audited or not audited) and monitored their performance for a year. Performance significantly improved during the half year following the audit in the experimental branches, in contrast to a decline in the control branches due to poor general business conditions. The contribution of auditing to performance is discussed in terms of learning, motivation, deterrence, and process improvement.