3～6岁幼儿对攻击性行为的认知评价分析

通过故事评定法分析了3～6岁幼儿对攻击性行为的认知评价,结果表明:①此年龄段的幼儿对攻击性行为的认知已经达到一定的成熟度,开始考虑攻击性行为的条件与方式;②幼儿对攻击性行为的认知评价存在一定的性别差异,主要表现在受到言语侵犯时的攻击性行为;③对攻击性行为的认知评价的年龄差异突出表现在5岁与6岁之间.④采用蒙特梭利教育法的实验班幼儿,对攻击性行为比非实验班幼儿评价得更消极.     

母亲教育方式与学龄前儿童心理发展的关系研究

本研究以849名学前儿童及其母亲为研究对象,探讨了母亲教育方式与学前儿童心理发展的关系.心理行为发展包括亲社会行为、认知发展、学习能力、焦虑表现、退缩行为、独立性、注意分散、对事物的兴趣等方面,由幼儿的教师进行评价;不同教育方式类型的母亲由聚类分析结果划分.复方差分析及单因素方差分析和多重组间比较的结果表明:来自不同教育方式家庭的儿童其心理的发展存在显着差异,且这种差异不因儿童年龄、性别的变化而变化;来自积极型教育方式家庭中的儿童在心理发展的多方面都优于其他教育方式家庭中的儿童,而处于极端型教育方式中的儿童则在心理发展的各个方面都有较多的不良表现,来自严厉型、成就压力型和溺爱型家庭的儿童也在不同侧面存在或多或少的发展问题.     

幼儿的情绪表现规则知识发展及其与家庭情绪表露、社会行为的相关研究

通过幼儿情绪表现规则知识的访谈、家庭情绪表露问卷和幼儿社会行为评估问卷调查,考察了112名3～6岁幼儿情绪表现规则知识的发展及其与家庭情绪表露、社会行为的关系。结果表明:(1)幼儿的表情调节知识存在显著的年龄差异,大班幼儿比小班幼儿具有更高的表情调节知识、更倾向于掩饰消极情绪;(2)幼儿的表情调节知识与情绪表达的人际支持、工具支持的结果期望存在显著正相关,即幼儿掩饰消极情绪是因为预期情绪表达不会得到他人理解和帮助;(3)幼儿报告面对父母同伴教师不同在场者时具有不同的情绪体验,且幼儿的人际支持结果预期存在年龄和在场者的交互作用;(4)家庭情绪表露与幼儿的人际支持的结果预期存在显著正相关、与工具支持的结果预期存在显著负相关;(5)倾向于掩饰消极情绪的幼儿表现出更多的亲社会行为,认为表达消极情绪会带来不良结果的幼儿表现出更多的害羞退缩行为。     

3至6岁幼儿心理压力源与表现

本研究在大量的调查、访谈和问卷分析的基础上,提出了有关幼儿心理压力的问题,并对幼儿心理压力的来源和表现进行了深入细致的调查和分析。结果发现,幼儿身边存在很多压力事件;幼儿的心理压力主要来源于6个方面:父母、老师、环境适应、同伴关系、功课学习和其他;幼儿的心理压力主要表现在四个方面:生理上的反应、行为上的反常、情绪上的变化和个性上的改变。     

家庭支持对缓解乳腺癌患者心理压力的作用

本文分析了心理压力对乳腺癌患者的康复和生活质量产生的不利影响,指出家庭是与患者生存联系最为紧密的环境,家庭支持对缓解患者心理压力发挥了巨大作用;深入挖掘家庭支持与心理压力二者的关系,详细阐述了家庭支持用以缓解患者心理压力的三种形式,即情感支持、信息支持、行为支持;最后针对目前家庭支持仍存在患者满意度不高、家庭支持水平随时间而降低等主要问题,提出克服家庭支持的缺陷,提高家庭成员支持能力的合理化建议,即提高患者配偶和女性家属的支持能力、建立长期的家庭支持计划等.     

抚养困难:结构与影响因素的研究

抚养困难是影响儿童心理发展的重要变量.本研究采用自编的抚养困难量表和家庭情况调查表对选取的572名1～6岁的儿童的母亲进行了评估和调查.因素分析的结果表明,抚养困难具有一定的因素结构,分别从儿童侧面和父母侧面抽取的5个和6个因素的累积解释率为57.90%和60.88%,与预试的结果是一致的.对可能影响母亲抚养困难的因素的考察发现,家庭类型、母亲受教育水平、职业、生产时母亲年龄和孩子的性别等是影响母亲抚养困难的重要因素;家庭经济状况、孩子的性别与父母期望的一致性、母亲生产时是否顺利、父母与儿童在一起的时间多少等因素对母亲的抚养困难没有显着影响,其原因还需进一步的研究加以考察.     

入托引起的焦虑及其防治措施初探

在我国城市家庭中,夫妻同时工作的三口之家所占的比例很大。为了保护母婴健康,国家一再延长产妇的产假时间。一旦母亲休完产假,就需要考虑是否让孩子入托或请保姆的问题。就我国目前的生活水平,能够雇用保姆的家庭还为数不多。大多数家庭只有让孩子入托,但是,入托初期会遇到许多问题。这些问题使许多年青父母很难应付。因此,许多家长反映:“入托后比不入托还麻烦。”那么,入托带来的问题是否能解决呢?这是一个急待解决的问题。入托后需要解决的问题主要有两个:一是孩     

家庭环境对母亲抚养行为的影响

抚养行为是指母亲为满足孩子的基本生理需要,以及培养、训练儿童的基本生活自理能力与生活常规等行为的总和。本研究采用母亲抚养行为问卷和家庭环境调查表对1064名1-6岁儿童的母亲进行了评估和调查。结果表明:(1)家庭结构是影响母亲抚养行为的重要变量,主干家庭的母亲的抚养行为在总体上优于核心家庭;(2)家庭的经济收入在一定程度上影响着母亲的抚养行为;(3)不同年龄儿童的母亲在避免儿童受伤害、训练身体动作和培养生活自理能力等抚养行为方面具有明显差异;(4)母亲的年龄、父母的受教育水平及儿童的性别等因素对母亲的抚养行为没有显著影响     

高校教师工作家庭关系的日记式追踪研究

本研究通过对30名高校教师连续14天的日记式追踪研究,探讨了工作家庭关系的特点及其与工作特征、性别等变量之间的关系.结果发现:1)工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进主要受到个体内因素影响,具有动态变化特点;2)高校教师体验到的工作家庭冲突与工作家庭促进之间存在较弱的负相关;3)工作要求能正向预测工作家庭冲突,工作控制能负向预测工作家庭冲突,同时对工作家庭促进有正向预测作用;4)性别可以调节工作要求与工作家庭冲突之间的关系,对男教师来说,工作要求对工作家庭冲突的影响作用更小.     

面部特征空间关系、肤色亮度对卡通面孔吸引力的影响

选取88名大班儿童（43名女童和45名男童）及90名在校大学生（42名男生和48名女生）为实验被试,通过心理量表评分,探讨面部特征空间关系、肤色和亮度对儿童卡通面孔吸引力影响。结果显示：（1）幼儿与成人对卡通面孔最佳面部特征空间关系评价存在差异;（2）幼儿评价女童卡通面孔眼嘴间距离占面长24%时吸引力最优,两眼间距离占面宽41%时吸引力最优,但未达显著。成人评价女童卡通面孔也存在纵向“黄金比例（19%）”现象;（3）男童卡通面孔不存在最佳比例;（4）幼儿偏爱偏白肤色,而成人偏好白里透红;（5）受众性别与卡通形象性别均对肤色偏好有影响;（6）亮度高的儿童卡通面孔更具吸引力。结论：卡通面孔吸引力受面部特征空间关系、肤色与亮度等因素显著影响,卡通设计需针对不同年龄、性别受众来设定面部特征空间关系与肤色等要素。     

Like Father,like Child: Early Life Family Adversity and Children’s Bullying Behaviors in Elementary School

Family adversity has been associated with children’s bullying behaviors. The evidence is, however, dominated by mothers’ perceptions of the family environment and a focus on mothers’ behaviors. This prospective population-based study examined whether children’s bullying behaviors were associated with mother- and father-reported family adversity, assessed before and after child birth. Peer-nominations were used to assess bullying behaviors of 1298 children in elementary school (mean age 7.5 years). The following paternal risk factors were prospectively associated with children’s bullying behaviors: (1) father-reported prenatal family distress, (2) fathers’ hostility at preschool age, and (3) fathers’ harsh disciplinary practices at preschool age, but effect sizes were relatively small. The effect of maternal risk factors was less consistent, only mother-reported family distress in childhood was associated with children’s bullying behaviors. The associations were independent of background family risk factors (i.e., life stress, contextual factors, and other background factors such as parental education and risk taking record) and early childhood externalizing problems. Moreover, our results indicated that father-reported family adversity predicted children’s bullying behaviors over and above the background family risk factors, early childhood externalizing problems and mother-reported family adversity. We also demonstrated that the association of fathers’ prenatal hostility and family distress with subsequent bullying behavior of their child at school was partly mediated by fathers’ harsh disciplinary practices at preschool age. Our findings highlight the importance of fathers’ behaviors in the development of children’s bullying behaviors.     

早期经验对儿童心理发展的影响

儿童早期经验包括产前环境、出生时身体状况、出生后家庭养育和学前教育经历等,这些方面对儿童心理能力发展有重要而长期的影响。该文基于国外新近开展的大型纵向研究,对胎儿期母亲的情绪行为特征,出生状况,出生后母亲工作状况,父亲教养行为,学前教育状况等对儿童认知能力、学业成就、社会行为等的预测作用,以及种族、性别、家庭经济地位等背景因素在两者之间的调节作用进行了介绍,最后对我国设计和开展相关研究提出了建议。     

家庭社会经济地位与流动学前儿童问题行为：家庭弹性与亲子关系的链式中介

为探究家庭社会经济地位对流动学前儿童问题行为的影响及其作用机制,采用家庭社会经济地位评估、家庭弹性评定量表中文简版、亲子关系量表及长处和困难问卷对428名流动学前儿童及其家长进行调查。结果表明：（1）家庭社会经济地位与流动学前儿童问题行为呈显著负相关;（2）家庭社会经济地位可通过家庭弹性和亲子关系的单独中介作用以及家庭弹性和亲子关系的链式中介影响流动学前儿童问题行为。本研究拓展了流动学前儿童领域的相关研究,为预防与干预流动学前儿童问题行为提供了一定的理论参考。     

母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应的关系及其性别差异：一项交叉滞后分析

本研究采用交叉滞后的研究设计探讨母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应的相互作用关系,选取上海市两所公办幼儿园202名幼儿及其母亲进行为期一年的追踪调查。结果表明：（1）母亲养育压力与男孩的外化问题行为可以相互预测,与女孩外化问题行为相互预测不显著;（2)母亲养育压力与幼儿社会能力可以相互预测;（3）母亲养育压力不能显著预测幼儿内化问题行为,但内化问题可以显著预测母亲养育压力。母亲养育压力与学前儿童社会适应存在相互作用关系,且在幼儿外化问题行为上存在性别差异。     

心理解脱与幼儿教师生活满意度的关系：家庭压力的调节作用

下班后从工作状态中解脱出来有利于减少工作应激对劳动者健康的损害。家庭作为劳动者下班后生活的主要场所。家庭中的压力因素可能影响劳动者的解脱结果。本研究以 215 名幼儿教师为被试,考察家庭压力影响心理解脱结果的机制。结果发现,高家庭压力会削弱心理解脱对生活满意度的正向预测。该结果支持资源保持理论和付出-恢复模型,提示在工作应激相关的职业健康保护中应注意家庭因素的作用。     

Maternal Expressive Style and Children's Emotional Development

Maternal expressive styles, based on a combination of positive and negative expressive patterns, were identified at two points in time and related to multiple aspects of preschool children's emotional development. Mother–child pairs from 260 families participated when the children were 3 years old, and 240 participated again at aged 4 years. Expressive styles were identified at age 3 using cluster analysis, replicated at age 4 and examined in relation to children's emotional understanding, expressiveness and regulation. Three expressive styles were identified: high positive/low negative, very low positive/average negative and average positive/very high negative. Cluster membership was stable in 63% of families from age 3 to 4 years; no systematic patterns of change were evident in the remaining families. Expressive style was related to aspects of children's emotional expression at 3 years and to emotion expression and regulation at 4 years. Children's expressiveness and regulation at age 3 were also related to changes in mothers' expressive styles over 1 year. Identifying mothers' expressive styles provides a unique way to understand the potential role of the emotional climates in which preschool‐aged children learn to express and regulate their own emotions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adoptive versus Mixed Families: Child Adjustment,Parenting Stress and Family Environment

Recent research in adoption has considered the factors and processes that underlie the adjustment of children and families. However, little research has been conducted on certain types of adoptive families, specifically on families with both adoptive and biological children often designated as mixed families. This subject is addressed by the present study which also analyzes the association between the type of adoptive family and children’s outcomes—prosocial and problem behavior—parenting stress and the relational family environment. It also examines whether children’s gender, age at adoption and the number of children in the home moderate these effects. 102 parents of adoptive children (ACF) 33 parents of both adoptive and biological children (ABCF) and 102 parents of biological children (BCF) participated in the study. Target-children were aged from 6 to 12 years. The Portuguese versions of the SDQ-P, PSI-SF and FES (Interpersonal Relationship dimension) were used. Results showed that the type of adoptive family—ACF and ABCF—significantly explained the variance of children’s behavioral problems and parenting stress. The child’s gender was shown to moderate the relationship between ACF parents and their perception of child’s prosocial behavior. The results give relevant clues as to the importance of distinct outcomes in adoptive families—ACF and ABCF—compared to families with only biological children and should, therefore, be a resource for professionals involved in the adopters’ suitability assessment and adoption intervention.     

Predictors of preschool language environments and their relations to children's vocabulary

Despite support for the importance of early language environments, little is known about the naturally occurring experiences children have in preschool settings. The current study sample included 91 children (M_age = 4.72 years; 56% male; 67% White) from 23 preschool classrooms and nearly 1500 h of language environment data from three waves throughout the preschool year. Of the sociodemographic characteristics, family income is most closely related to children's preschool language environments. A standard deviation increase in family income was related to children hearing approximately one million more adult words in their preschool classroom. However, conversational turns were the more robust predictor of vocabulary skills with effect sizes around 0.20, depending on model specification. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

Moderators of the Relationship Between Maternal Substance Abuse Symptoms and Preschool Children’s Behavioral Outcomes

While maternal substance use problems increase the likelihood of behavior problems in children, child outcomes are varied, leading to interest in understanding additional family factors that contribute to the development of behavior problems in children impacted by maternal substance abuse. The purpose of this study is to examine harsh parenting and family conflict as potential moderators of the relationship between symptoms of maternal substance use problems and child externalizing behavior problems. The non-clinical sample for this study included 250 low-income parents whose preschool age children were enrolled in Head Start programs in a Southern state. This study utilized data collected during two home visits, an average of 10 months apart, with data on family functioning and maternal symptoms of substance use problems collected at the first time point and child externalizing behavior collected at the second time point. Over one-third of the children (38.1 %) had clinically elevated externalizing behavior scores. We used regression analysis to examine whether harsh parenting or family conflict moderated the relationship between maternal substance use symptoms and child externalizing behavior. In this community sample, we found that in the absence of family risks related to harsh parenting and family conflict, maternal symptoms of substance use problems did not have a significant impact on child externalizing behavior in preschool children. However, when high levels of family conflict or harsh parenting were present, symptoms of maternal substance use problems increased the risk of externalizing behavior problems in children.