The Effect of Early Reaches on Handedness in the Rat: A Preliminary Study

(Werner, H. Comparative Psychology of Mental Development. New York: Harper, 1940. Pp. 510.)     

Empathy,Selfism, and Coping as Elements of the Psychology of Forgiveness: A Preliminary Study

This research expanded understanding of forgiveness by (a) distinguishing forgiveness from unforgiveness and their respective correlates (empathy and selfism) and (b) examining coping style and its impact on the process of forgiveness and unforgiveness. Participants were 92 students in a large northeastern urban public university. Correlates of forgiveness and unforgiveness were distinctly different. With respect to forgiveness, 42% of the variance was explained by the variables under study. Emotion‐focused coping was associated with forgiving. Clinically relevant issues were raised, specifically regarding the role of selfism and emotion‐focused coping and contextual variables such as financial resources, age, gender, and religiosity.     

Effect of Stroke on Joint Control during Reach-to-Grasp: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

We investigated changes in control of inter-segmental dynamics underlying upper extremity dyscoordination caused by stroke. Individuals with stroke and healthy individuals performed a natural reach-to-grasp movement. Kinetic analysis revealed that both groups rotated the shoulder by muscle torque and used interaction torque to rotate the elbow. However, individuals with stroke used interaction torque less than healthy individuals, actively suppressing a substantial portion of it. This resulted in inefficient use of active control and dyscoordination of the upper extremity. The degree of interaction torque suppression and inefficiency of active control at the elbow positively correlated with stroke severity. The increased interaction torque suppression can be a strategy used by individuals with stroke to compensate for deficient feedforward control of this torque.     

汉语中词长效应的初步实验研究

该文以回忆出一个词表的序列呈现顺序的正确率为指标考察汉语中的词长效应(Word-Length Effect)。实验材料为汉语中不同音节数目的词语。实验结果发现,在纯词表中,存在显著的词长效应。但是在混合词表中(包括长短词交替词表以及随机词表),词长效应会消失。研究结果支持词长效应的基于词表的解释,同时,项目的特异性也具有一定的作用。     

论个体竞争性的心理学研究

个体竞争性是个体在竞争意识、动机、认知、态度等方面表现出来的稳定的心理特征的总和。揭示个体竞争性发生、发展的机制及规律,有助于个体更好地适应当代竞争激烈的社会环境。目前的研究主要集中在过度性竞争、个人发展竞争以及它们与其它人格特征的关系上。其心理机制还没有统一的见解,需要进行多方面的整合。当前需要解决的问题是:正确看待竞争所带来的心理效应;积极建构个体竞争性的结构模型;编制多样化的测量工具。     

A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Humor in Sport Psychology Practice

“Creative efforts,” such as the use of humor, have been found to be beneficial to the nurse–patient, teacher–student, and psychologist–patient alliance. Potentially humor use might benefit the working alliance in applied sport psychology, yet to date there is limited research. Sport psychology consultants (n?=?55) completed an online survey that explored humor use within their practice. Statistical analyses revealed that most participants used humor for adaptive purposes such as to facilitate the working alliance, reinforce knowledge, and create healthy learning environments. Therefore, possible client change is likely to be facilitated by practitioners’ personal qualities and skills such as humor use and humor style. Recommendations are made for sport psychology practitioners in relation to humor use and further research. Increasing recognition has been given to the importance of the professional relationship between the client and practitioner within sport psychology consultancy as a means of facilitating client change. The present study demonstrated that use of humor by practitioners is an important part of enhancing the professional relationship and therefore potentially client change.

Lay Summary: Increasing recognition has been given to the importance of the professional relationship between the client and practitioner within sport psychology consultancy as a means of facilitating client change. The present study demonstrated that use of humor by practitioners is an important part of enhancing the professional relationship, and therefore potentially client change.     

采用LLTM作测量与认知结合研究的初步探讨

心理测量学与认知心理学相结合是新型测验理论和测验设计的核心思想。这两者的结合需要理论证实的认知加工模型和基于现代测验理论之上的测量模型,本文以空间认知能力的加工过程为例,通过心理学的实证研究,探索了心理测量学与认知心理学相结合的切入点及理论模型。     

《周易》之组织心理思想初探

《周易》中蕴涵着丰富的管理心理思想。文章主要从《周易》的权变观、生命周期观和《周易》对组织文化建设的启示来挖掘其组织心理思想。在论述生命周期观时,对屯卦的创业管理思想和革卦的组织变革思想进行了具体论述。从刚柔并济、居安思危和义利合一三个方面论述了《周易》对组织文化建设的启示。     

表演心理学:一种新的研究取向

表演心理学是20世纪70年代在美国兴起的新的心理学研究思潮。表演心理学在对主流心理学挑战的基础上提出了发展式表演的理论,该理论致力于唤起人们对生活中表演维度的注意,并试图通过发展式表演来改进人类生存环境、提高人类的生活质量。当前关于表演心理学的研究主要集中在社会治疗、教育改革与社会变革等方面。作为一种新的研究取向,表演心理学还有其不完善之处,但其发展式表演的理论及其应用正被更多的人所接受。     

积极心理学：一种新的研究方向

积极心理学目前在西方心理学界引起了普遍的兴趣和关注。积极心理学关注于力量和美德等人性中的积极方面,致力于使生活更加富有意义。西方关于积极心理学的研究,当前主要集中在研究积极的情绪和体验、积极的个性特征、积极的心理过程对于生理健康的影响以及培养天才等方向。该介绍了积极心理学的这些研究领域,并追溯了积极心理学兴起的历史渊源,从总体上介绍了积极心理学的研究现状与进展,旨在为我国的相关研究提供参考。     

Conceptual Constructs and Social Classes: A Review of Capitalizing Religion

Capitalizing Religion is a good addition to the growing number of works in the last decade that examine the intertwinings of religion, spirituality, and capitalism in the neoliberal present. Through an examination of scholarly discourses on modern religion and contemporary fiction and spirituality manuals, Martin demonstrates how, within the consumer capitalist present, the ideologies of individualism, consumption, quietism, and productivity shape conversations, habits, relationships, and fantasies. Martin tells us that the goal of social theory should be to account for how individuals and their choices are propelled by the material, historical, and structural forces that constitute them. He is a writer who has long been particularly attentive to the fact that “religion” is not some particular entity that exists “out there” that can be examined, but rather a bounded construct whose definition – through processes of inclusion and exclusion – performs works of distinction that benefit some interests, groups, and individuals to the detriment of others. Capitalizing Religion reminds us that the choices that many sociologists of religion make in dividing social formations into categories such as “religious,” “spiritual,” “institutional,” “individual,” or “paranormal” don’t just describe the world, but rather attempt to constitute it through taxonomies that are anything but natural and given.     

梁启超心理学思想初探

梁启超是清末著名的思想启蒙大师之一,文化巨擘。尽管他本人没有系统地进行过科学心理学的研究,但在其留给后人的文化遗产中却闪烁着心理学思想的火花。本文初步探讨了梁启超的心理学思想,将其心理学思想总结为神具形生、境由心造的心理本质观,“慧观”和“悟”的认知观,意志自由和立志的志意观,重情轻智的情智观,共通和完满的人格观,并讨论了其心理学思想的意义。．     

Variables in Psychology: A Critique of Quantitative Psychology

Mind is hidden from direct observation; it can be studied only by observing behavior. Variables encode information about behaviors. There is no one-to-one correspondence between behaviors and mental events underlying the behaviors, however. In order to understand mind it would be necessary to understand exactly what information is represented in variables. This aim cannot be reached after variables are already encoded. Therefore, statistical data analysis can be very misleading in studies aimed at understanding mind that underlies behavior. In this article different kinds of information that can be represented in variables are described. It is shown how informational ambiguity of variables leads to problems of theoretically meaningful interpretation of the results of statistical data analysis procedures in terms of hidden mental processes. Reasons are provided why presence of dependence between variables does not imply causal relationship between events represented by variables and absence of dependence between variables cannot rule out the causal dependence of events represented by variables. It is concluded that variable-psychology has a very limited range of application for the development of a theory of mind—psychology.

服从行为的心理学研究

分析了米尔格拉姆"服从"实验中被试的心理行为特点;阐述了米尔格拉姆"服从"实验中被试行为的多重性质;揭示了服从是"主体在特定社会情境中,通过对客体提供的社会信息的概括、判断和推理,为寻求奖赏或免受惩罚而产生的与客体一致的行为或态度"的本质;提出了服从行为"期望理论"的数学模型和服从行为转化的基本历程函数图.     

Capitalizing on one's advantages: role of core self-evaluations

The authors examined (a) whether core self-evaluations in adolescence and young adulthood predict income at midlife and (b) whether people with positive core self-evaluations are more likely to capitalize on advantages resulting from family socioeconomic status and academic achievement, resulting in even higher levels of income at midcareer. The sample consisted of participants from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a national probability sample that first surveyed participants in 1979. The authors found that core self-evaluations and family socioeconomic status and academic achievement predict income and that, furthermore, high core self-evaluations enhance the benefits derived from these factors. Overall, it appears that individuals with positive core self-evaluations are particularly adept at translating early advantages into later economic success.     

我国关于实证主义与现代西方心理学研究的综述

实证主义问题是影响我国心理学全局发展的重大理论问题。文章从现代西方心理学的实证主义内涵、积极作用和消极影响等3个方面,对我国心理学界20余年有关实证主义的课题研究进行了系统地梳理和概括,并对该研究领域的未来发展谈了作者的几点认识和看法。     

How Language Enables Abstraction: A Study in Computational Cultural Psychology

The idea that language mediates our thoughts and enables abstract cognition has been a key idea in socio-cultural psychology. However, it is not clear what mechanisms support this process of abstraction. Peirce argued that one mechanism by which language enables abstract thought is hypostatic abstraction, the process through which a predicate (e.g., dark) turns into an object (e.g., darkness). By using novel computational tools we tested Peirce’s idea. Analysis of the data provides empirical support for Peirce’s mechanism and evidence of the way the use of signs enables abstraction. These conclusions are supported by the in-depth analysis of two case studies concerning the abstraction of sweet and dark. The paper concludes by discussing the findings from a broad and integrative theoretical perspective and by pointing to computational cultural psychology as a promising perspective for addressing long-lasting questions of the field.     

A Model for Primary Care Psychology With General Thoracic Surgical Patients

This study examined a model for brief psychological assessment for providing primary psychological care to patients within a surgical, specialty outpatient clinic to provide early and accurate detection of psychological distress in patients to increase compassionate care. Questionnaires were completed by 351 outpatients and 227 of these outpatients were provided a model of primary care (brief psychological intervention). Patients were assessed and provided coping strategies, patient education, and a brief evaluation of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychologists, in a brief interview (mean = 12 min) identified individuals experiencing significant psychological distress. The ratings of emotional status also predicted health quality of life and anxiety. Younger individuals presenting for medical care appear to be more vulnerable to psychological distress. Brief psychological interventions provide accurate, efficient assessment of psychological distress and can be an effective way of increasing compassionate care. The results support the use of primary care psychology and brief psychological interventions in the management of medical patient care.     

Content Analysis of the Nine Most Recent Textbooks in General Psychology

This study investigated the following hypothesis: Subjects tolerant of the unstable would attribute greater similarity in meaning to paired concepts referring to disabled and nondisabled roles than subjects found to be intolerant of the unstable. Thirty-eight males who had suddenly become physically disabled by traumatic injury served as subjects. The cognitive style of tolerance and intolerance of the unstable was determined by the subjects' responses to the phi phenomena. Similarity of role identification was measured by four sets of paired concepts (e.g., Me-Disabled Me) using a semantic differential format. Results of the study supported the hypothesis that subjects tolerant of the unstable are better able to integrate notions of disabled and nondisabled than intolerant subjects.     

The Effect of Variety and Dietary Restraint on Food Intake in Lean Young Women: A Preliminary Study

When satiety develops specific to sensory properties of food, variety leads to increased eating. The relationship between meal variety and dietary restraint was explored here in lean young women (18–20 years), classified into unrestrainers versus restrainers using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire Restrained Eating Scale. The expected variety effect obtained for unrestrainers (p < .05) but not for restrainers, despite a typical sensitivity to sensory-specific satiety and the same rate of habituation to sensory-based food responses (i.e., hedonics) across them. Unrestrainers’ eating appeared guided by hedonics (p < .05), but not restrainers’. These results suggest the potential involvement of an internal or participant characteristic, instead of an external factor, in moderating unrestrainers’ versus restrainers’ food consumption when offered a highly desired food (the favorite in the plain condition) versus less desired (but accepted) foods (presented successively with the favorite in the variety condition). Study limitations and suggestions for further research were discussed.