"慈宗"构建与近代弥勒信仰复兴中的理论抉择——太虚法师一段鲜为人知的佛教新宗派构建活动

近代佛教复兴运动中,太虚法师有过一段鲜为人知的复兴弥勒净土信仰而构建佛教新宗派——慈宗的历史,尽管昙花一现,却对揭示太虚的佛教思想变化有特别价值。太虚慈宗构建活动主要有两次:一是1922年创办武昌佛学院时期,着意创设一个综合唯识宗和弥勒信仰的佛教新宗派,试图以宗派的形式复兴弥勒净土信仰。二是从1932年住持雪窦寺时期,把慈宗阐释为一个融贯全部佛法、以总持义面目出现的佛教发展新方向,并发展出建设人间净土的新弥勒信仰思想,超越了以往只注重往生的净土思想,是对第一次构建活动的转向和超越,消解和升华了此前的宗派意识。此后,太虚的弥勒信仰思想逐步与人生佛教思想合流,基于弥勒信仰而建设人间净土成为太虚人生佛教思想中融会人间性与超越性的结合点。     

四川南朝弥勒信仰与弥勒造像

四川地区的弥勒信仰始于东晋中期,受到西凉和襄阳佛教的影响.随着弥勒信仰的盛行,四川出现了雕刻精美、题材丰富的弥勒造像碑.这些造像受南朝“秀骨清像”风格的影响,题材反映出当时弥勒佛和阿弥陀佛共存的情况.由造像题记则可以看出齐梁之际从弥勒下生信仰到上生信仰的转变.     

古代泽州的弥勒信仰CSSCISSCI

古代泽州的弥勒信仰源远流长,以青莲寺为中心,主要表现为弥勒上生信仰,是泽州佛教僧众净土信仰的主流。而其最流行时期主要在中唐和金代,其流传与唯识学在泽州的弘传关系密切,唐代的弥勒信仰还受到法华信仰的影响。弥陀净土信仰则主要在俗家信众中传播,以青莲寺和松岭寺来看,金明昌、泰和以后方始流传。     

试论弥勒信仰与密教的融合

密教对弥勒信仰的影响被学者认为是"有限"的,但语焉未详。二者的相互影响是多方面的,如经典、仪轨、造像等。弥勒信仰与密教的结合,产生了密教化的弥勒形象和密教化的弥勒经典,拓展了弥勒信仰修持方法的新途径。但弥勒信仰与密教的融合根本说来还是修持法门的结合。王雪梅,历史学博士,西华师范大学历史文化学院副教授,西北大学佛教研究所特邀研究员,四川大学道教与宗教文化研究所博士后人员。     

从天上到人间:敦煌艺术中的弥勒信仰

正在敦煌石窟艺术中,关于弥勒信仰的造像和壁画很多。仅就经变画而言,便保存有《弥勒经变》多达98幅,同时还有大量的弥勒菩萨或弥勒佛塑像。这些壁画和造像,反映了自北朝至唐、五代、宋时期敦煌地区的弥勒信仰情况。一约在公元二、三世纪,印度和中亚地区已出现弥勒菩萨和弥勒佛的造像。随着佛教东渐,弥勒造像传入中国,到四、五世纪,弥勒造像十分盛行。敦煌地处丝路咽喉,佛教传入首当其冲,弥勒造像自然滞形于此,在北凉、北魏、北周等洞窟中所塑甚多。这与北朝盛行坐禅、求弥勒决疑的风尚有很大关系。     

古代印度弥勒信仰历史渊源研究述论

弥勒信仰自印度传入中国就成了中国佛教菩萨信仰体系中非常重要的组成部分.学界对于弥勒信仰的起源,比较流行的观点是源于外来的“弥赛亚”或伊朗的“米特拉”信仰.实际上,弥勒信仰有属于自己的“救度”性格与“拯救”方式.     

西安博物院藏弥勒造像的艺术表现形式

正弥勒信仰伴随着佛教的传入即已始之,无论是上升兜率天的弥勒菩萨,还是下生阎浮地的弥勒佛,或是笑口常开的大肚弥勒,都广受崇奉。在中国,随着弥勒经典的不断译出和广泛传播,弥勒信仰在上层社会乃至民间迅速流传开来,成为先于阿弥陀佛和观世音菩萨的信奉对象[1]。在我国公元460     

佛教"疑伪经"与弥勒信仰--以佛教经录为中心的考察

"疑伪经"是中国佛教经典中所特有的一类经典,它们尽管受到种种鄙视和排斥而难以流传,但是,从佛经目录中可以看出这类经典在特定时期仍然大量存在和流行,有些甚至保存至今.其中,有一部分关于弥勒信仰的疑伪经,是反映弥勒信仰在中国特定历史时期发展的重要资料,从中可以看出弥勒信仰在当时社会中的流传情况.     

弥勒信仰衰落原因简论

弥勒净土信仰在南北朝时期非常兴盛,到隋唐以后逐渐衰落.其衰落的内在原因,主要是在弥勒净土和弥陀净土的选择上,信众更倾向于后者.其次·弥勒净土后继乏人而弥陀净土却人才辈出,以及以弥勒为号召的民众起义所带来的负面影响,是弥勒信仰衰落的另一在原因.     

中国佛教净土思潮的演变与归趣

一、前言佛教净土是指被净化的国土,也就是净化众生,远离污染、秽垢和恶道的世界;是佛、菩萨和佛弟子所居住的地方,是众生仰望和追求的理想世界。佛教净土观念流传中国,经历了一个不断演变的过程,其间也日益增添了中国佛教学者的思想创造。最初盛行的是弥勒信仰,后来弥陀信仰与弥勒信仰发生争论,并取而代之,逐渐成为主流。由于天台、禅等宗派与弥陀信仰结合,约自中唐以来,唯心净土观念又日益流行,并成为此后中国净土思想的主导观念。迄至近代,则更衍化出人间净土的思想。对人间净土的执著追求,就是中国佛教、尤其是近现代中国佛教净土思想的…     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.