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Christians commonly speak of and to God as ‘a person’. The propriety of such talk depends on how the concept of a person is
being used and understood, and that concept is much contested in contemporary analytic philosophy. In this article, I note
the presuppositions of one current debate about what it is to be a human person, and then propose an alternative approach
to persons—both human and divine—that draws upon the Thomistic philosophical and theological tradition. In this tradition,
‘person’ is neither an essence-determining kind term, nor a merely nominal or functional kind term, but is applicable analogously
to entities of various ‘kinds’ (e.g. humans, angels and God). The origins of this account in Aquinas’ theology of the Trinity
will be examined, and I will conclude by noting a recent development of Thomas’ thought in relation to what it is to be a
human person. 相似文献
3.
William L. Rowe 《The Journal of Ethics》2006,10(3):295-313
Thomas Reid developed an important theory of freedom and moral responsibility resting on the concept of agent-causation, by
which he meant the power of a rational agent to cause or not cause a volition resulting in an action. He held that this power
is limited in that occasions occur when one's emotions or other forces may preclude its exercise. John Martin Fischer has
raised an objection – the not enough ‘Oomph’ objection – against any incompatibilist account of freedom and moral responsibility.
In this essay I argue that Fischer's not enough ‘Oomph’ objection fails to provide any reasons for rejecting Reid's incompatibilist,
agent-causation account of freedom and moral responsibility. 相似文献
4.
Sara Johnsdotter 《Sexuality & culture》2011,15(2):179-194
Recently there has been a semantic shift in the pornographic word ‘cum.’ Traditionally, the word, as a noun, is used to designate
semen. However, ‘cum’ is now used to designate also female fluids during sexual activity. The concept of ‘female cum’ is discussed
in relation to examples from a corpus of two hundred erotic short stories collected from the Internet, and to the physiological
realities of female fluids during sex. In order to show how the innovation of ‘female cum’ is useful in written erotic narrative,
a comparison is made with filmed pornography and drawn erotic comics. Finally, I argue that ‘cum’ in this new context is used
as a device to arouse sexual excitement. 相似文献
5.
Dr. Caroline Whitbeck 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(3):299-308
In this paper I outline an “agent-centered” approach to learning ethics. The approach is “agent-centered” in that its central
aim is to prepare students toact wisely and responsibly when faced with moral problems. The methods characteristic of this approach are suitable for integrating
material on professional and research ethics into technical courses, as well as for free-standing ethics courses.
The analogy I draw between ethical problems and design problems clarifies the character of ethical problems as they are experienced
by those who must respond to them. It exposes the mistake, common in ethics teaching, of misrepresenting moral problems as
multiple-choice problems, especially in the form of ‘dilemmas’, that is, a forced choice between two unacceptable alternatives.
Furthermore, I clarify the importance for responsible practice of recognizing any ambiguity in the problem situation.
To foster in students the skills they need, teaching examples should preserve the open-ended, multiply-constrained, and ambiguous
character of problem situations as experienced by the agent. I give guidelines for constructing open-ended scenarios that
present moral problems much as an agent would experience them — guidelines which strongly influenced the construction of ‘cases’
in the latest edition of “On Being a Scientist” — and I discuss how to present historical cases and cases from the instructor’s
own experience to best foster agent-centered learning.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the AAAS Seminar “Teaching
Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献
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Hermann Schmitz Rudolf Owen M��llan Jan Slaby 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2011,10(2):241-259
The following text is the first ever translation into English of a writing by German phenomenologist Hermann Schmitz (*1928).
In it, Schmitz outlines and defends a non-mentalistic view of emotions as phenomena in interpersonal space in conjunction
with a theory of the felt body’s constitutive involvement in human experience. In the first part of the text, Schmitz gives
an overview covering some central pieces of his theory as developed, for the most part, in his massive System of Philosophy, published in German in a series of volumes between 1964 and 1980. Schmitz’s System is centred on the claim that the contemporary view of the human subject is the result of a consequential historical process:
A reductionist and ‘introjectionist’ objectification of lived experience culminating in the ‘invention’ of the mind (or ‘soul’)
as a private, inner realm of subjective experience and in a corresponding ‘grinding down’ of the world of lived experienced
to a meagre, value-neutral ‘objective reality’. To counter this intellectualist trend, Schmitz puts to use his approach to
phenomenology with the aim of regaining a sensibility for the nuanced realities of lived experience—hoping to make up for
what was lost during the development of Western intellectual culture. Since both this text and the overall style of Schmitz’s
philosophising are in several ways unusual for a contemporary readership, a brief introduction is provided by philosophers
Jan Slaby and Rudolf Owen Müllan, the latter of whom translated Schmitz’s text into English. The introduction emphasises aspects
of Schmitz’s philosophy that are likely to be of relevance to contemporary scholars of phenomenological philosophy and to
its potential applications in science and society. 相似文献
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Summary The purpose of this paper is to lay bare the major problems underlying the concept of downward causation as discussed within the perspective of the present interest for phenomena that are characterized by self-organization.In our discussion of the literature, we have focussed on two questions: (1) What sorts of things are said to be, respectively, causing and caused within the context of downward causation? And (2) What is the meaning of ‘causing’ in downward causation? We have concluded that the concept of ‘downward causation’ is muddled with regard to the meaning of causation and fuzzy with regard to the nature of the causes and the effects. Moreover, we have concluded that ‘causation’ in respect of ‘downward causation’ is usually understood in terms of explanation and determination rather than in terms of causation in the sense of ‘bringing about’. Thus, the term ‘downward causation’ is badly chosen. 相似文献
8.
Steven Crowell 《Synthese》2008,160(3):335-354
This paper argues that transcendental phenomenology (here represented by Edmund Husserl) can accommodate the main thesis of
semantic externalism, namely, that intentional content is not simply a matter of what is ‘in the head,’ but depends on how
the world is. I first introduce the semantic problem as an issue of how linguistic tokens or mental states can have ‘content’—that
is, how they can set up conditions of satisfaction or be responsive to norms such that they can succeed or fail at referring.
The standard representationalist view—which thinks of the problem in first-person terms—is contrasted with Brandom’s pragmatic
inferentialist approach, which adopts a third-person stance. The rest of the paper defends a phenomenological version of the
representationalist position (seeking to preserve its first-person stance) but offers a conception of representation that
does not identify it with an entity ‘in the head.’ The standard view of Husserl as a Cartesian internalist is undermined by
rejecting its fundamental assumption—that Husserl’s concept of the ‘noema’ is a mental entity—and by defending a concept of
‘phenomenological immanence’ that has a normative, rather than a psychological, structure. Finally, it is argued that phenomenological
immanence cannot be identified with ‘consciousness’ in Husserl’s sense, though consciousness is a necessary condition for
it. 相似文献
9.
Astrid E. Schwarz 《Nanoethics》2009,3(2):109-118
Nanotechnology has recently been identified with principles of sustainability and with a ‘green’ agenda generally. Some maintain that this green dream of nanotechnology is a rather ephemeral societal phenomenon that owes its existence to
the campaign ploys of politics and business. This paper argues that deeper lying societal and cognitive structures are at
work here that complement or even substantiate in some sense the seemingly manipulative saying of a greening of nanotechnologies.
Taking seriously the concept of ‘green nano’, this paper examines the common ground between sustainability discourse and the
discourse of nanotechnology. Green nanotechnology is understood as a boundary concept in which disparate discourses and concepts
join together. The primary concern of the paper is to show that nanodiscourse and ecodiscourse share visions of control and
of excess. Both ecotechnology and nanotechnology accept and incorporate arguments about limited growth, and each develops
strategies of control—be it through a new-found precision in the control of material flows or through greater efficiency in
product design. 相似文献
10.
‘Pupil voice’ is a movement within state education in England that is associated with democracy, change, participation and
the raising of educational standards. While receiving much attention from educators and policy makers, less attention has
been paid to the theory behind the concept of pupil voice. An obvious point of theoretical departure is the work of Jürgen
Habermas, who over a number of decades has endeavoured to develop a theory of democracy that places strong significance on
language, communication and discourse. This paper is an attempt to gauge the usefulness of Habermas’ approach to understanding
the theory of pupil voice, in particular how his theory of universal pragmatics lends itself to a ‘philosophy of between’,
a philosophy that finds echoes in the conflicted nature of schooling that ‘pupil voice’ is supposed to rectify to some extent.
The paper also explores the drawbacks of a Habermasian approach, in particular his overreliance on rationality as a way of
understanding communication. Lacan’s concept of the objet petit a is introduced as an alternative way of understanding pupil
voice. 相似文献
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The paper defends a combination of perdurantism with mereological universalism by developing semantics of temporary predications
of the sort ’some P is/was/will be (a) Q’. We argue that, in addition to the usual application of causal and other restrictions
on sortals, the grammatical form of such statements allows for rather different regimentations along three separate dimensions,
according to: (a) whether ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are being used as phase or substance sortal terms, (b) whether ‘is’, ‘was’, and ‘will
be’ are the ‘is’, ‘was’, ‘will be’ of identity or of constitution, and (c) whether ‘Q’ is being used as a subject or predicate
term. We conclude that this latitude is beneficial, as it conforms with linguistic reality (i.e., the multiple uses actually
in place) and also enables one to turn what is ordinarily perceived as a problem for universalist perdurantism viz., a commitment
to all sorts of weird and gerrymandered temporally extended entities, into an advantage, for the richness in questions allows
us to make sense of the many different readings of sentences of the same grammatical form. 相似文献
12.
Stefano Predelli 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(3):277-297
This paper argues in favor of a treatment of discourse about fiction in terms of operators on character, that is, Kaplanesque
‘monsters’. The first three sections criticize the traditional analysis of ‘according to the fiction’ as an intensional operator,
and the approach to fictional discourse grounded on the notion of contextual shifts. The final sections explain how an analysis
in terms of monsters yields the correct readings for a variety of examples involving modal and temporal indexicals. 相似文献
13.
Liisa Steinby 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(3):227-249
In this article, Bakhtin’s early aesthetics is reread in the context of Hermann Cohen’s system of philosophy, especially his
aesthetics. Bakhtin’s thinking from the early ethical writing Toward a Philosophy of Act to Author and Hero in Artistic Activity and Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics is followed. In Author and Hero, an individual is in his life conceived as involved in cognitive and ethical action but as remaining without a consummative
form; the form, or the ‘soul’, is bestowed upon a person by the creative activity of the artist alone. In his understanding
of artistic creativity and the relationship between the ‘hero’ and the author, Bakhtin closely follows Cohen, with the exception
that for Cohen the object of artistic form-giving is the universal, idealized man, whereas for Bakhtin it is an individual.
In the concept of a ‘polyphonic novel’ as developed in Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, Bakhtin, however, considers this view of the activity of the artist (or the novelist) to apply to the “traditional” novel
only, while in a Dostoevskyean novel the characters are not subordinated to any defining power of the author. Bakhtin’s theory
of the Dostoevskyean novel is thus a return to the emphasis of the cognitive and ethical autonomy of the individual. His understanding
of the encounter between persons as a ‘subject’—‘subject’ or an ‘I’—‘thou’ relation has a predecessor, among others, in Cohen. 相似文献
14.
Allan B. I. Bernardo Jerome A. Ouano Maria Guadalupe C. Salanga 《Psychological studies》2009,54(1):28-37
We explored Filipino learners’ concept of academic emotions by studying the words they use to describe their emotional experiences
associated with learning. Two main theoretical frames were used as reference in the analysis: Clore, Ortony, & Foss’ (1978)
taxonomy of emotion words, and Pekrun’s (2006) dimensions of academic emotions. We asked Filipino learners to describe the
positive and negative emotions that they associate with their learning experiences using an open ended questionnaire. The
676 students used 1337 words which were classified into root word categories; 38 categories which were mentioned by at least
1% of the participants were included in the analysis. The interpretive analysis suggested that Filipino learners’ concept
of academic emotions includes appraisals of cognitive and even physical conditions, beyond the typical affective conditions
assumed in theories of emotions and academic emotions. Moreover, Filipino learners’ concepts of academic emotions include
a wider range of emotion concepts, and may require additional characteristic dimensions, compared to what is being studied
in current academic emotions research. 相似文献
15.
Eugen Fischer 《Synthese》2008,162(1):53-84
The later Wittgenstein advanced a revolutionary but puzzling conception of how philosophy ought to be practised: Philosophical
problems are not to be coped with by establishing substantive claims or devising explanations or theories. Instead, philosophical
questions ought to be treated ‘like an illness’. Even though this ‘non-cognitivism’ about philosophy has become a focus of
debate, the specifically ‘therapeutic’ aims and ‘non-theoretical’ methods constitutive of it remain ill understood. They are
motivated by Wittgenstein’s view that the problems he addresses result from misinterpretation, driven by ‘urges to misunderstand’.
The present paper clarifies this neglected concept and analyses how such ‘urges’ give rise to pseudo-problems of one particular,
hitherto little understood, kind. This will reveal ‘therapeutic’ aims reasonable and ‘non-theoretical’ methods necessary,
in one clearly delineated and important part of philosophy. I.e.: By developing a novel account of nature and genesis of one
important class of philosophical problems, the paper explains and vindicates a revolutionary reorientation of philosophical
work, at the level of both aims and methods. 相似文献
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The notion of ‘fluency’ is most often associated with spoken-language phenomena such as stuttering. The present article investigates
the relevance of considering fluency in writing. The basic argument for raising this question is empirical—it follows from
a focus on difficulties in written and spoken language as manifestations of different problems which should be investigated
separately on the basis of their symptoms. Key-logging instruments provide new possibilities for the study of writing. The
obvious use of this new technology is to study writing as it unfolds in real time, instead of focusing only on aspects of
the end product. A more sophisticated application is to exploit the key-logging instrument in order to test basic assumptions
of contemporary theories of spelling. The present study is a dictation task involving words and ‘non-words’, intended to investigate
spelling in nine-year-old pupils with regard to their mastery of the doubling of consonants in Norwegian. In this study, we
report on differences with regard to temporal measures between a group of strong writers and a group of poor ones. On the
basis of these pupils’ writing behavior, the relevance of the concept of ‘fluency’ in writing is highlighted. The interpretation
of the results questions basic assumptions of the cognitive hypothesis about spelling; the article concludes by hypothesizing
a different conception of spelling. 相似文献
18.
Stefano Predelli 《Erkenntnis》2006,65(3):385-403
In this essay, I explain how certain suggestions put forth by Frege, Wittgenstein, and Schlick regarding the interpretation
of indexical expressions may be incorporated within a systematic semantic account. I argue that the ‘hybrid’ approach they
propose is preferable to more conventional systems, in particular when it comes to the interpretation of cases of cross-contextual
ellipsis. I also explain how the hybrid view entails certain important and independently motivated distinctions among contextually
dependent expressions, for instance between ‘here’ and ‘local’. 相似文献
19.
Diane Antonio 《Sophia》2001,40(2):47-65
Julian of Norwich (b. 1342) anticipated the ontological and epistemological work on sexed embodiment pioneered in the work
of Merleau-Ponty and Irigaray in the 20th century. Her epistemology of sensual ‘showings’ helped reconfigure women’s embodiment
and speech acts (‘bodytalk’): by recognizing cognitive emotions and the knowledge-producing body; and by envisioning the intertwining
of human flesh with All That Is. The paper next examines Merleau-Ponty’s somatic discourse on the chiasmic flesh, which leads
to a discussion of Irigaray’s work on poetic mimesis. 相似文献
20.
Padmasiri de Silva 《Sophia》2011,50(2):253-263
The work ‘Thinking and Feeling’ edited by Robert C. Solomon may be considered as a landmark in the history of the philosophy
of the emotions. The work also has assembled together some of the best minds in the Anglo American Traditions. The central
focus in this work is to mediate between the physiological arousal theories of emotions and the cognitive appraisal theories
of emotions. My article is an attempt to mediate from my Asian background and in specific terms using the Buddhist perspectives
on emotion studies, to find answers, a subject on which I have worked over several decades. The Buddha has discouraged people
in attempting to find ultimate answers to the body- mind relationships, but use pragmatic and practical perspectives for a
two way interactionism. Thus, in the Buddhist analysis the mental and the cognitive, as well as bodily and the physiological
are recognised, thus giving room for a holistic understanding of emotions concepts. In fact, Buddhism expects the body, feelings,
perceptions, interpretations, and evaluations as facets of emotion concepts. The second point is the domination of the metaphor
of reasons as the charioteer in managing unruly emotions in the West. But Buddhism introduces the factor of ‘mindfulness’
as an important ally in the management of emotions. My personal work in therapy and counselling has helped me to explore new
dimensions for managing emotions through mindfulness practice. 相似文献