经验决策：概念、研究和展望

传统风险决策研究范式中, 决策信息是事先限定的, 即在决策之前呈现各个决策选项的概率和收益, 被试基于这些信息进行决策。已有研究表明, 在传统风险决策任务中人们会高估小概率事件(rare event)。然而最近出现的一种基于不完整信息的决策形式, 即经验决策却对这一发现提出了挑战。研究发现, 人们在进行经验决策时会表现出对小概率事件的低估, 经验决策和传统决策形式之间存在差异。本文主要介绍经验决策的概念及其研究, 并从学习和不确定程度等角度对两种决策形式进行再认识, 以进一步理解经验决策并提出展望。     

建言类型对领导者建言采纳的影响：面子与幽默的作用

以说服和面子理论为基础,通过两个研究探讨领导者建言采纳行为的影响因素及作用机制。结果发现：相对于促进型建言,抑制型建言给领导带来的面子威胁更大,且领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建言采纳之间起部分的中介作用。而幽默类型与水平影响领导者感知面子威胁的程度,积极幽默水平越高,领导者感知面子威胁的程度越低,其建言采纳可能性越高。这表明领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建议采纳间起中介作用,幽默调节了此中介效应。     

Effects of Accuracy Motivation and Anchoring on Metacomprehension Judgment and Accuracy

The current research investigates how accuracy motivation impacts anchoring and adjustment in metacomprehension judgment and how accuracy motivation and anchoring affect metacomprehension accuracy. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions produced by the between-subjects factorial design involving accuracy motivation (incentive or no) and peer performance anchor (95%, 55%, or no). Two studies showed that accuracy motivation did not impact anchoring bias, but the adjustment-from-anchor process occurred. Accuracy incentive increased anchor-judgment gap for the 95% anchor but not for the 55% anchor, which induced less certainty about the direction of adjustment. The findings offer support to the integrative theory of anchoring. Additionally, the two studies revealed a “power struggle” between accuracy motivation and anchoring in influencing metacomprehension accuracy. Accuracy motivation could improve metacomprehension accuracy in spite of anchoring effect, but if anchoring effect is too strong, it could overpower the motivation effect. The implications of the findings were discussed.     

Observed Variability and Values Matter: Toward a Better Understanding of Information Search and Decisions from Experience

The search for different options before making a consequential choice is a central aspect of many important decisions, such as mate selection or purchasing a house. Despite its importance, surprisingly little is known about how search and choice are affected by the observed and objective properties of the decision problem. Here, we analyze the effects of two key properties in a binary choice task: the options' observed and objective values, and the variability of payoffs. First, in a large public data set of a binary choice task, we investigate how the observed value and variability relate to decision‐makers' efforts and preferences during search. Furthermore, we test how these properties influence the chance of correctly identifying the objectively maximizing option, and how they affect choice. Second, we designed a novel experiment to systematically analyze the role of the objective difference between the options. We find that a larger objective difference between options increases the chance for correctly identifying the maximizing option, but it does not affect behavior during search and choice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of Client Suicide on Psychologists in Australia

Objective

This research aimed to assess the frequency and impact of client suicides on psychologists in Australia.

Method

Participants were 178 psychologists who completed an online self‐report questionnaire concerning the frequency of occurrence and impact of client suicide.

Result

Fifty six (31.5%) participants reported one or more client suicides. Psychologists with more years of experience reported more client suicides. Participants who had experienced a client suicide reported a range of emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions as well as professional impacts. Ratings of responsibility, preventability and predictability of a client suicide were associated with emotional and/or professional impacts. Beneficial coping responses included talking to supervisors and colleagues, recognising the psychologist is not responsible and having increased acceptance of a client suicide.

Conclusions

The findings have important implications for training, workplace practices and research.     

预期如何影响人们对不愉快事件的体验?

本研究以味觉和痛觉两种感觉通道的体验为对象,探讨预期效价和预期信心如何影响知觉体验的结果及其作用机制。通过基于味觉和痛觉的两个实验,发现预期会影响即时知觉体验,并且预期信心在其中起到调节作用——对预期充满信心时,即时体验和对结果的预期保持一致,预期越积极即时体验越好,预期越消极即时体验越差;而对预期缺乏信心时,即时体验和预期之间呈现背离趋势,预期越积极即时体验越差,预期越消极即时体验则越好。研究结果阐明了预期影响即时体验的机制,对我们理解身心关系也具有重要的理论意义。     

The Influence of Time Estimation and Time‐Saving Preferences on Learning to Make Temporally Dependent Decisions from Experience

In this paper, we merge research related to experiential learning, temporal perception, and the value of time and money by examining decisions where the timing of action (response) determines the outcome received. We predicted that time‐saving preferences and impatience would decrease maximization (i.e., taking action when it returned the largest reward), and that the constraints of temporal perception would compound their effects. Across three studies, participants undershot on average (i.e., responded earlier than the period of time during which a response would return the maximal reward) showed a preference for shorter‐delay options and often did not find the maximal reward. In addition, participants' reliance on temporal perception increased undershooting, increased preferences for shorter‐delay options, and reduced maximization. Nevertheless, participants who found the maximal reward continued to maximize at a high rate rather than opting for shorter delays and smaller rewards. Thus, while most participants appeared to have a preference for saving time, most behaved as reward maximizers rather than temporal discounters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Personality,Meta-Mood Experience,Life Satisfaction,and Anxiety in Australian versus Singaporean Students

This study explores two issues concerning the relationships between personality, meta-mood experience, life satisfaction, and anxiety. First, it explored the incremental value of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience in predicting the three components of meta-mood experience (that is, attention to feelings, emotional clarity, clarity of feelings and mood repair), after controlling for demographic variables across Australia and Singapore. Second, it explored the incremental value of the three meta-mood experience components in predicting life satisfaction and anxiety, after controlling for demographic variables and personality variables across the two countries. One hundred and eighty nine tertiary students from Australia and 243 tertiary students from Singapore participated in this study. First, hierarchical regression analyses for both samples suggested that Agreeableness and Neuroticism are the two most important personality predictors of meta-mood experience, emotional attention, and emotional repair. Second, hierarchical regression analyses for both samples suggested that emotional repair was a significant predictor for life satisfaction and anxiety, even after controlling for demographic variables and personality variables. These results have implications for therapeutic interventions with life satisfaction versus anxiety. Funding for this research is facilitated partially by a research grant from the National Institute of Education.     

Personality, Meta-Mood Experience, Life Satisfaction, and Anxiety in Australian versus Singaporean Students

This study explores two issues concerning the relationships between personality, meta-mood experience, life satisfaction, and anxiety. First, it explored the incremental value of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience in predicting the three components of meta-mood experience (that is, attention to feelings, emotional clarity, clarity of feelings and mood repair), after controlling for demographic variables across Australia and Singapore. Second, it explored the incremental value of the three meta-mood experience components in predicting life satisfaction and anxiety, after controlling for demographic variables and personality variables across the two countries. One hundred and eighty nine tertiary students from Australia and 243 tertiary students from Singapore participated in this study. First, hierarchical regression analyses for both samples suggested that Agreeableness and Neuroticism are the two most important personality predictors of meta-mood experience, emotional attention, and emotional repair. Second, hierarchical regression analyses for both samples suggested that emotional repair was a significant predictor for life satisfaction and anxiety, even after controlling for demographic variables and personality variables. These results have implications for therapeutic interventions with life satisfaction versus anxiety. Funding for this research is facilitated partially by a research grant from the National Institute of Education.     

The impact of variability and prechoice experience on taking safety measures: The case of security updates

The goal of this research is to clarify the conditions that trigger reluctance to take cost-effective safety measures. We present three experiments. In two of the experiments, the participants were asked to operate a simulated system for 20 periods, each with 10 trials. They could “update the system” to eliminate the risk of a “security failure” that led to a loss of 100 points. The updating cost was either fixed (at 10 points) or variable (initially 10 points, and some probability of free—0 points—updates). The optimal strategy prescribed updating at the first opportunity. Another experiment focused on one-shot decision under risk. The results highlight two factors that reduce the tendency to update and impair performance: cost variability and prechoice experience. Importantly, we show that the negative impact of cost variability is the product of two tendencies. First, experiencing periods with free updates slowed learning to select the optimal policy. Second, in many cases, the participants behaved as if they plan to update when the cost of updating is low but forget to do so. The results suggest that security can be enhanced by asking users to select a default updating policy before gaining experience and by replacing “free updates” with automatic updates. Information concerning the existence of automatic updates reduced manual updating, but this effect was eliminated by experience.     

不良生活经历对大学生冷酷无情特质的影响：有调节的中介效应

为考察不良生活经历对大学生冷酷无情特质的影响机制,采用问卷法调查了湖南省4所学校1872名大学生。结果发现：（1）心理弹性在不良生活经历与大学生冷酷无情特质之间具有部分中介效应,不良生活经历既对冷酷无情特质产生直接影响,也能通过心理弹性对冷酷无情特质产生间接影响;（2）社会支持利用度对心理弹性的中介作用具有调节效应,它调节了中介过程的前半路径和后半路径。因此,不良生活经历对大学生冷酷无情特质的影响具有调节的中介效应。     

自我同情对大学生拖延行为的影响：经验回避和羞耻的链式中介作用

为探讨自我同情对拖延的影响及其作用机制,采用自我同情量表、大学生拖延量表、大学生羞耻量表和接纳与行动量表对795名大学生进行调查,结果发现：(1)自我同情对大学生拖延行为具有负向预测作用;(2)羞耻在自我同情与大学生拖延行为的负向效应中起到中介作用;(3)经验回避、羞耻在自我同情和大学生拖延行为之间起链式中介作用。     

维族大学生面孔识别的本族效应：群际接触的影响

摘 要 采用“学习-再认”范式,让99名在人口统计学上与汉族不同接触程度的维族大学生再认维汉面孔,并填写社会接触和个性化经验量表,以考察本族效应是否能从种族间拓展到种族内不同民族间,以及群际接触的质和量对本族效应的影响。结果显示,维族大学生中与汉族中低接触者本族效应显著,高接触者未出现本族效应;接触量与个性化经验都与本族效应的幅度显著负相关;且相对优势分析表明个性化经验比接触量更能影响本族效应。     

青少年自我概念与网络成瘾的关系:网络消极体验和学校类型的调节效应

本研究从贵州、江苏等十个地区选取4500名四年级以上的小学生和初中生,采用问卷调查的方法,探讨自我概念对网络成瘾倾向的影响及网络消极体验和学校类型的调节作用。结果发现:(1)自我概念对能够负向预测网络成瘾,重点学校学生的网瘾得分高于非重点学校学生;(2)网络消极体验、学校类型都会影响自我概念的作用。结论:重点学校通过自我概念能够稳定预测网瘾,非重点学校则需考虑网络消极体验的影响。在此基础上对青少年网瘾干预及学校环境进行讨论。     

经验、材料性质及加工水平对虚假记忆的影响

本实验采用DRM研究范式,考察经验、材料性质和加工水平三个方面对虚假记忆的影响。实验首次采用句子的方式呈现,给被试提供符合经验和不符合经验的句子进行学习和再认。实验结果显示,三个因素对虚假记忆的影响都是显著的,其中,经验是导致虚假记忆产生的主导因素,加工深度同经验之间以及材料性质同经验之间的交互作用均存在显著的交互作用。     

关于濒死体验记忆真实性研究

许多经历过濒死体验或类濒死体验的人都会产生持久且深刻的主观记忆。首先,梳理国内外对于濒死体验的相关研究并总结能够侧面验证这类主观记忆真实性的研究成果,旨在补足濒死体验研究领域在主观记忆层面研究的缺失。其次,研究发现可以从记忆理论的神经生理学角度进一步解释这类主观记忆深刻且持久的机制并对此展开解释,以作为濒死体验记忆真实性的理论支持。最后,观察到濒死体验研究在东方文化背景下的缺失,故建议进一步加强这类主观记忆的东方研究,以扩展其东方文化背景。