创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅰ）——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用凋查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对创造性的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众认为高创造性者的特征主要涉及认知和人格两个方面。2．公众对高创造性者的特征的认识与专家的认识存在广泛一致,但在广度,深度和具体项目的重要性上存在不少差异。3．不同教育程度的公众对高创造性者的特征的认识总体差异显著．4．公众的性别,年龄,教育程度对高创造性者的特征的认识的某些方面影响显著或非常显著。     

大学生创造性内隐观的调查研究——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用社会效度的方法,对大学生的创造性内隐观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．大学生的创造性内隐观所涉及的范围广泛,涵盖了认知、人格的许多方面;2．经因素分析把大学生的创造性内隐观可以概括为十二个因素,分别是：道德品质、才情、异常人格、独创力、探究、自主敢为性、思维发散性、知识经验、勤勉、问题发现、智力、自强,其中道德品质和勤勉为中国大学生所特有。3．不同专业和性别的大学生在上述诸因素上内隐观总体差异显著,并且二者交互作用总体显著,在各具体因素上内隐观有些也存在不一致。     

中学生创造性内隐观的调查研究

本研究运用社会效度的方法,对中学生的创造性内隐观进行了调查研究,结果发现:1.中学生的创造性内隐观所涉及的范围广泛,涵盖了认知、人格等许多方面;2.在创造性内隐观上,高中生和初中生差异显著,重点中学和非重点中学的学生差异显著,男生和女生差异显著,这种差异不仅表现在总体上,还表现在许多具体的特征上;并且,各因素间交互作用显著,一种因素对创造性内隐观许多方面的影响通常会随其他因素的变化而变化。这些发现不仅加强了我们对中学生创造性内隐观的了解,还使我们认识到创造性内隐观的可塑性,这对我们培养中学生正确的创造性观、培养学生的创造性和创新精神将具有重要的意义。     

创造性测验的性别与材料差异效应

以415名中学生为对象,采用修订后的《青少年科学创造性测验》考察了创造力的性别差异,并分析了不同测验材料对创造性表现的影响。结果发现：（1）在创造性总体上高中生显著优于初中生,但不存在显著的性别差异;（2）在流畅性与灵活性方面不存在显著性别、年级差异,在独特性上性别和年级的交互作用显著,表现为高中男生得分显著优于女生,而初中性别差异不显著;（3）不同性质的测验材料对创造性的影响不同,言语任务方面不存在显著的年级、性别差异,而图形任务方面则是高中生显著优于初中生,男生显著优于女生。     

风险投资从业人员的风险认知及其影响因素研究

本文根据Slovic等人提出的心理测量范式,设计了风险投资从业人员的风险认知研究问卷。对收集的数据用SPSS软件进行统计分析发现,风险投资从业人员对风险投资各风险因素有不同的风险认知结构,影响其风险认知结构的个人背景因素主要有年龄和单位性质。此外,性别和年龄、性别和专业的交互作用对其风险认知结构有极其显著的影响,性别和职务的交互作用对其风险认知结构有显著影响。     

专业人员价值取向的现状研究

对8省市的428位专业人员所进行的价值取向研究表明,我国专业人员的价值取向总体倾向是积极向上,与社会期待相符合的,重视社会责任、工作、公众利益、法律规范、感情和家庭的价值;性别、文化程度和年龄等人口统计学因素显著影响专业人员的价值取向的个别侧面,但收入水平、婚姻状况和家庭结构的作用不显著。     

当代中国工人价值取向:状况与特点

采用问卷调查法来自全国8省市的437名工人的价值取向现状进行了研究。结果表明：1．在总体上,当代中国工人具有积极向上的价值取向,重视品格追求、公共利益、工作成就、法规和家庭人伦前提的价值;2．性别、年龄、居住地和教育水平对某些方面的价值取向有显著的影响。     

教师创造性教学行为与小学生创造性思维的关系：有调节的中介模型

以471名小学生为被试,采用儿童报告法考察教师创造性教学行为与小学生创造性思维的关系,同时探析小学生创意自我效能感的中介作用以及开放性人格的调节作用。结果发现:(1)在控制儿童性别、年龄和父母受教育程度后,感知到的教师创造性教学行为显著正向预测小学生创造性思维的流畅性、变通性和独特性;(2)感知到的教师创造性教学行为可以通过创意自我效能感影响小学生创造性思维的流畅性、变通性和独特性;(3)开放性人格能够调节感知到的教师创造性教学行为对小学生创意自我效能感的作用,个体开放性人格水平越高,小学生感知到的教师创造性教学行为对创意自我效能感的预测作用越强。研究表明,创意自我效能感和人格开放性可能是教师创造性教学行为与学生创造性思维关联的重要机制,改善教师的创造性教学行为,提高创意自我效能感和人格开放性水平,有助于促进小学生的创造性思维发展。     

创造性任务情境下社会惰化影响因素研究

研究一,采用单因素组间设计(合作组、名义组、个人组)检验创造性任务情境下是否存在社会惰化效应,结果显示:合作组状态下个体努力水平显著低于名义组,与个人组差异不显著;研究二,采用三因素组间设计(4×2×3)探讨创造性任务情境下社会惰化影响因素,结果显示:目标难度、绩效评估变量主效应显著且存在交互作用,而中期评估变量主效应不显著。研究结果提示:高难度目标、评估个体对群体的贡献可减弱创造性任务情境下的社会惰化效应。     

父母意识的影响因素分析

本研究运用父母意识调查表分析探讨父母意识可能的影响因素,主要得出如下结论:①父母的年龄对母性意识和父性意识有明显的影响,而父亲的文化水平、职业对其父性意识没有显著影响;②母亲的文化水平、职业对其母性意识有明显的影响,而父亲的文化水平、职业对其父性意识没有显著影响;③家庭中由不同的人来承担抚养孩子的职责,对父性意识和母性意识均有较大的影响,并且这种影响对父母有明显的不同;④孩子的年龄和性别对总体的母性意识没有显著影响,但影响母性意识的某些构成因子;孩子的年龄对总体的父性意识没有显著影响,但影响父性意识的某些构成因子;孩子的性别明显影响其父亲的父性意识;⑤居住地不同对父母意识没有明显影响。     

Aphasia type and aging in Hindi-speaking stroke patients

In this study, the clinical profile of Hindi-speaking stroke patients with aphasia from northern India has been investigated. We examined the interactional effect between age and gender with aphasia type in 97 Hindi-speaking right-handed individuals, the majority of them with a confirmed diagnosis of a cerebrovascular accident. The subjects included in the study ranged from 3 weeks to two years post-onset with a diagnosis of a common classical aphasia (Broca's, Wernicke's, anomic, global, conduction, and transcortical) types involving both males and females. Also examined was the interaction between literacy and aphasia type since the subjects had varied exposures to education (total illiteracy to professional/university education). While the data reported here about Hindi-speaking aphasics are relatively in agreement with the age-aphasia type patterns discussed in western countries, nonetheless some differences were also observed. The mean age of Indian patients with aphasia was significantly lower. Also, in addition to some gender and literacy related differences, an outstanding difference was that many clinical symptoms that are known to co-occur with aphasia were not readily reported by subjects with stroke.     

The Boston Naming Test in Swedish: normative data

The purpose of the present study was to introduce a Swedish version of the Boston Naming Test and to offer normative data based on a sample of native Swedish-speaking healthy adults stratified concerning age, gender, and length of education. The subjects were assessed with other lexical tests and half of the group also performed tests of global cognitive function. A semantic analysis of the responses was performed and the typical Swedish naming of the pictures of BNT was investigated. The results showed that long education, high performance on tests of global cognitive ability (FSIQ), verbal fluency, and other lexical tests had a significant positive association to a good performance on BNT whereas age and gender had a minor influence. The response analysis showed that the more difficult an item was, the more variations in the response pattern. To conclude, the Boston Naming Test is appropriate for use in a Swedish-speaking context and an effective test for assessment of naming ability.     

Why do officers support community policing? A cross‐departmental and cross‐temporal comparison

Community policing is often seen as a way to repair fractured relationships between law enforcement and the public. Despite its relationship‐building promise and widespread department‐level adoption, individual officers show varying levels of support for community policing which can harm policy implementation. Why are some officers more supportive of community policing than others? Prior research suggests that demographic factors such as the officer's gender, race, age, and education can explain this variance. Across these studies, however, there are several contradicting or non‐replicating findings. Conflicting findings may result from differences by department or differences in methodology or temporal variance – but most policing studies focus on a single department. We begin to adjudicate between the possible explanations for conflicting findings using roll‐call survey data from 741 officers across three neighboring police departments in 2016 and then a replication with 452 officers from one of the original departments in 2019. We find that experience with community policing consistently influences support for the practice while officer gender, age, and education consistently do not. Other results do not replicate across department or time, although we do find non‐replicating significant factors associated with officer support for community policing. Our findings also suggest that departmental and temporal aspects help to explain why policing studies often do not replicate or generalize to other places or contexts.     

酒店员工心理压力及影响因素研究

采用自编问卷等测评工具对杭州市两个高星级酒店270名员工进行酒店员工心理压力及影响因素的调查研究。结果表明:(1)酒店员工的年龄变量对心理压力的影响主效应十分显著,总体呈年龄段越低,心理压力越大的趋势。学历与年龄的交互作用对心理压力的影响显著,小学学历的员工高龄段的比低龄段的心理压力更为高些,与其余几个文化段的员工呈不同的趋势。(2)酒店员工的压力反应与其工作属性、职业态度、负性生活事件、社会支持、特质应对方式等因素呈显著相关。员工的消极应对方式和职业态度是影响心理压力的最主要因素。     

Gender concept development of preschool-aged children in the United States and Egypt

Thirty-one American and 31 Egyptian children were given the Slaby-Frey Gender Concept Test to measure gender understanding of children from two cultures assumed to differ in level of androgyny. The subject's sex, age, parent's education, and siblings' sex and age were explored in relation to gender concept. A multivariate analysis of variance (Nationality × Sex of Subject) yielded a significant nationality effect. American children had a higher mean score on gender identity than Egyptian children. In addition, a Pearson product-moment correlation revealed significant positive relationships between the age of the subject and two gender constructs, identity and stability. Future research on specific cognitive, developmental, and cultural influences on the gender development of young children was proposed.     

Swedish norms for word fluency tests: FAS, animals and verbs

Verbal fluency tests are useful measures of acquired language impairment and cognitive decline of various etiologies. The aim of this study was to provide normative data for the Swedish population on the three verbal fluency tests, FAS, Animals and Verbs. A group of 165 healthy participants ranging from 16 to 89 years of age were assessed with the verbal fluency tests and tests of level of intellectual functioning. The sample was stratified by education, age and gender. Level of education had a substantial influence on the performance on verbal fluency, most clearly so in FAS and Verbs. Intellectual level had a positive and significant correlation with all measures of word fluency. Moreover, there was an interaction between age and gender such that women aged between 30 and 64 years outperformed elderly men on FAS and Verbs. Guidelines for instructions and scoring in Swedish are given in the article.     

Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation: Gender Invariance May Be Situation Invariance

Most studies of gender differences in social dominance orientation (SDO) have investigated settings more or less hierarchy-enhancing. The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in SDO (1) within social structures varying in equality-enhancement, i.e., communities differing in political equality between men and women, and (2) settings where equality was maximized and held constant, i.e., democratic, voluntary associations, but varying in gender composition, using survey data from a random sample of 831 Swedish adults (median age?=?47 years). There was a significant interaction effect between gender and membership in voluntary associations dominated by women, with men and women displaying equally low levels of SDO. In all other instances the main effect of gender remained statistically significant.     

Equity in Staff Selection: Managerial Attitudes and Practices

A survey of 486 managers was designed to examine how well employment equity is being implemented in Australian public and private sector organizations. Respondents were asked to report on the procedures they themselves used in their most recent staff selection. The findings on the incidence of the various selection techniques generally confirmed those of previous studies, specifically that the interview is the single most common technique. Although the large majority of managers professed pro-equity attitudes, most also displayed a belief in gender stereotypes and almost half misunderstood the requirements of affirmative action in Australia. Most selection decisions appear to have been based on merit-related factors, but a surprisingly high proportion of managers admitted to potentially discriminatory practices. Factors such as age, good looks and the absence of physical disability were rated as having been important in more than a third of selection decisions. Also, factors such as gender, marital status, race and colour influenced some managers in job selection. However, such discriminatory factors appear to have been less important in the public sector and in larger organizations which would have had more exposure to equity and affirmative action programs.