数字线和离散物体任务训练对儿童整数偏向的影响

通过数字线任务和离散物体任务对81名拥有错误整数偏向的儿童进行干预,再进行分数比较任务,以考查不同干预对错误整数偏向的影响以及分数在心理数字线上的表征方式。结果表明：（1）离散物体组儿童在干预任务中表现较好,在分数比较任务中得分也显著高于数字线组儿童,但反应时要慢于数字线组儿童。（2）正确比较分数时,两组均出现正确整数偏向,但错误的整数偏向依然存在,二者在整数系统扩展到有理数系统这个过渡期同时存在。     

整数构成对分数加工的影响

本研究通过两个实验考察了整数构成对分数加工的影响。实验一重复了Bonato等(2007)的研究,要求25名被试比较1/5与1/1、1/2、1/3、1/4、1/6、1/7、1/8、1/9等分数的大小,结果发现被试采用了成分加工策略,即通过比较分母判断分数的大小。实验二改变了分数的整数构成,让24名被试比较1/5与1/1、2/4、3/9、4/16、4/24、3/21、2/16、1/9等分数的大小。这些分数与实验一中的分数实数值相等但整数构成不同。结果表明被试既采取了成分策略,又采取了整体策略,即比较分数的实数值,不过成分策略比整体策略的作用更大。这些结果表明,分数加工具有成分和整体两种策略,具体使用哪种策略与分数的整数构成密切相关。     

焦虑障碍的认知偏向矫正：应用与争议

认知偏向是焦虑障碍患者的重要认知特征, 是指患者或高焦虑个体对负性或威胁性信息存在认知加工方面的偏向。目前该领域的研究聚焦于注意偏向和解释偏向。近年来, 研究者致力于将认知偏向的矫正应用于焦虑障碍患者的临床治疗, 得到了不一致的结果。本文总结了将认知偏向矫正应用于临床实践的不同方式, 并从主观报告的疗效证据、行为及生理指标的疗效证据, 以及未发现疗效证据的研究三方面回顾了近年来的研究成果。对于结果的高度不一致, 本文从期望效应、干预对象、因变量和其它参数等方面探讨了可能的原因, 并讨论了未来可能的研究方向。     

初中生自尊的认知加工偏向效应研究

探讨了初中生自尊的认知加工偏向效应。结果发现：高自尊初中生对积极词具有显著的注意偏向效应,低自尊初中生对积极词和消极词均不存在注意偏向效应;当对比图片为高兴－生气或高兴－中性表情时,高自尊初中生对高兴表情均存在显著的注意偏向效应,当对比图片为高兴－生气时,低自尊初中生对生气表情产生明显的注意偏向效应;高自尊组与低自尊组初中生分别对与自我有关的正向、负向形容词存在显著的记忆偏向效应。     

惊恐障碍的认知偏向研究

文章综述了惊恐障碍患者对威胁性信息的注意偏向、解释偏向、记忆偏向等认知偏向。对威胁性信息的优先注意激发焦虑体验,对模糊信息的灾难化解释增加焦虑水平,对引起焦虑感信息的记忆保持促使惊恐体验更易于提取,这3种认知偏向促使具有焦虑倾向的个体对惊恐障碍更易感,也是惊恐障碍形成和保持的关键因素     

认知加工偏向视野下的自尊研究

目前,关于自尊与认知相互作用关系的研究主要集中在认知加工偏向效应的探讨上。认知加工偏向效应的探索为自尊研究提供了一种全新的视角。该文以认知加工过程为脉络,重点介绍自尊的注意、记忆、解释加工偏向研究的实验范式和研究结果,并对其进行评价,以期为后来研究提供参考。     

认知偏向研究的进化心理学视角

这篇文章从进化心理学的视角阐述了认知偏向研究的方法和基本理论,进化心理学认为人类认知存在系统的偏向,这种有偏的认知通常是自然选择设计的特征.认知偏向的误差管理理论认为:如果认知在不确定条件下做出,并且错误肯定和错误否定的错误的成本在进化历史上不对称情况循环出现,自然选择偏爱犯最小成本错误的认知偏向.认知偏向研究的进化心理学方式有助于系统地产生关于领域特定化的认知偏向的预测.     

自尊的认知加工偏向研究述评

随着认识心理学的发展,人们从认知的角度对自尊进行了拓展性的研究。主要揭示不同自尊水平对认知加工偏向的影响,找出低自尊水平的认知加工特点并期望通过选择性训练来提升个体的自尊水平。关于自尊的认知加工偏向的心理机制主要是心境一致性效应和特质一致性效应。虽然这一取向的研究具有巨大的实践意义,但是还没有取得阶段性成果。     

空间偏向成因研究:理论解释与前景展望

空间偏向意指人们在注意刺激物时普遍具有方向上的偏好.对其成因,目前主要存在“大脑说”和“文化说”两派观点.前者认为大脑的不对称性是决定因素,而后者则认为阅读和书写习惯等文化因素是主要成因.本文在综述空间偏向研究后指出,以上两派学说在解释力上各有得失,但并非完全对立,将二者结合起来的“大脑-文化说”才能更好地解释空间偏向现象.     

小学生解决分数应用题认知加工过程的实验研究

本文采取个别交谈临床法研究了76名五、六年级小学生解决分数应用题认知加工的过程.结果表明:1.小学生解分数应用题认知加工可划分为三级水平;2.小学生解分数应用题的认知图式从分数图式发展到份总关系图式;3.分数认知图式的形成和发展受心理发展水平和教育的制约;4.问题表征和解题结果存在表征正确——结果正确、表征不完全正确——结果正确、表征错误——结果错误三种关系.     

自然事物认知偏好的初步实验研究

本研究从认知心理学角度采用实验方法探索自然科学学习的影响因素。发现：1自然事物的认知偏好中存在内隐学习现象。2．自然事物认知偏好的表现非常复杂：年龄的影响并不显著,经验的影响不可忽视;3．性别差异十分明显,男生比女生的自然事物认知偏好更为肯定更为积极,很可能社会性别角色是造成自然科学学习结果差异的重要原因;4．内隐组学习坦率好奇,倾向于把自然事物看得更熟悉更容易,具有更强的探究兴趣：外显组学生矜持审慎,倾向于把自然事物看得更陌生更难以理解,探究兴趣较弱。因此,科学教育要创设情境让学生潜移默化地学以致用;要帮助学生利用经验并从中获取乐趣、增长兴趣、树立志趣;要鼓励女孩子大胆挑战科学。     

中国人社会认知研究的沿革、趋势与理论建构

社会认知是指个体对社会性客体和社会现象及其关系的感知与理解。根据对象可以分为自我认知、人际认知、群际认知以及以社会决策为核心的社会事件认知。针对以上四个方面, 国内学者开展了一系列有益的探索, 为中国人社会认知的研究做出了先驱性贡献。但无论就理论建构、研究范式还是研究内容而言, 大量研究沿袭了国外研究的预设前提与范畴, 即“本位认知”, 脱离了中国人社会认知滋长的基础--以“差序格局”为基调的传统文化以及当前剧烈的社会变迁背景下转型期的文化。通过梳理与整合涉及社会认知主题的研究及其内在逻辑, 发现中国人社会认知的根本特点为“他位认知”, 并且集中体现为“差序格局”文化衍生与发展的“群际认知(阶层认知)”, 进而尝试围绕“群际认知”这条主线解读与建构中国人社会认知的理论框架, 推进中国人社会认知的深层研究, 具有深刻的理论与现实意义。     

认知与动机因素对品牌信息处理的影响

品牌,是一个名称、术语、标志、符号或图形,或这些元素的组合,被用来象征一个或一组销售者提供的产品及服务,以区别于竞争者的产品及服务。它通过消费者的相关信息处理的过程影响消费行为。认知因素对与品牌相关信息处理的影响,一直以来是相关研究的主流。近年,动机因素,由于它对信息处理的控制与引导作用,开始受到越来越多研究者的重视。为此,作者从社会认知的角度,分别以认知、动机因素的影响为着眼点,介绍品牌相关研究十年来的进展与成果,并在此基础上对未来研究的方向进行了探讨     

Sampling Bias and Other Methodological Threats to the Validity of Health Survey Research

Data from a longitudinal occupational health survey of professional fire fighters were used to explore the potential impact of two types of methodological bias: sample selection and reactivity. No significant differences on demographic variables were observed between the group who first responded after a within-study change in survey administration format (Delayed) and respondents who had completed surveys since the study's inception (Initial). However, statistically significant differences in the study's 26 outcome measures provided some evidence that between-group differences did exist and that an administration format type of response bias was also potentially present. The effect sizes associated with the 37 observed significant differences ranged from small to medium. These results provide a context for a reexamination of standard techniques for the identification and interpretation of survey research biases. Methods are suggested to strengthen tests for selection bias and to minimize the impact of response biases.     

Socially Situated Transmission: The Bias to Transmit Negative Information is Moderated by the Social Context

Cultural evolutionary theory has identified a range of cognitive biases that guide human social learning. Naturalistic and experimental studies indicate transmission biases favoring negative and positive information. To address these conflicting findings, the present study takes a socially situated view of information transmission, which predicts that bias expression will depend on the social context. We report a large-scale experiment (N = 425) that manipulated the social context and examined its effect on the transmission of the positive and negative information contained in a narrative text. In each social context, information was progressively lost as it was transmitted from person to person, but negative information survived better than positive information, supporting a negative transmission bias. Importantly, the negative transmission bias was moderated by the social context: Higher social connectivity weakened the bias to transmit negative information, supporting a socially situated account of information transmission. Our findings indicate that our evolved cognitive preferences can be moderated by our social goals.     

幼儿语言发展中的形状偏好现象及其认知机制

形状偏好是指儿童语言发展过程中倾向于认为相同形状的物体拥有相同名称的现象。已有研究采用词汇拓展、分类和归纳推理等任务发现, 2~3岁甚至更早的幼儿就已经表现出形状偏好, 且表现受刺激物的属性、创造者的意图和功能及因果/比较关系等因素影响。然而, 形状偏好现象存在着联结观和概念观两种不同的解释。未来的研究应该采用认知神经科学的方法, 并结合发展中的其它问题, 从特殊被试和跨文化的角度来探讨这一现象的神经机制。     

More Eagerness,More Suffering from Search Bias: Accuracy Incentives and Need for Cognition Exacerbate the Detrimental Effects of Excessive Searching in Finding Romantic Partners Online

The systematic use of Web search tools to browse and evaluate recommendations is widespread. Such tools may be crucial for users to truly benefit from the enormous selection of options available online. However, a recent study demonstrated that a greater number of search options triggered excessive searching and led to inferior decisions (i.e., the more‐means‐worse effect; Wu & Chiou, 2009 ). Given that individuals who are motivated to make accurate choices (the accuracy incentive) tend to engage in broader and more exhaustive searches, Experiment 1 examined how the accuracy incentive influenced the search process. The findings indicated that the accuracy incentive led to excessive searching and poorer choices. Moreover, the search ratio, an indicator of excessive searching, mediated the negative effect of the accuracy incentive on choice quality. Experiment 2 investigated the role of the need for cognition (NFC) in the more‐means‐worse effect. High‐NFC participants demonstrated an increased tendency toward excessive searching and exhibited poorer selectivity than did low‐NFC participants. The current research indicated that the accuracy incentive of online searchers may serve as a determinant of excessive searching and that online searchers characterized by high NFC may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of excessive searching. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Number comparison and number ordering as predictors of arithmetic performance in adults: Exploring the link between the two skills,and investigating the question of domain-specificity

Recent evidence has highlighted the important role that number-ordering skills play in arithmetic abilities, both in children and adults. In the current study, we demonstrated that number comparison and ordering skills were both significantly related to arithmetic performance in adults, and the effect size was greater in the case of ordering skills. Additionally, we found that the effect of number comparison skills on arithmetic performance was mediated by number-ordering skills. Moreover, performance on comparison and ordering tasks involving the months of the year was also strongly correlated with arithmetic skills, and participants displayed similar (canonical or reverse) distance effects on the comparison and ordering tasks involving months as when the tasks included numbers. This suggests that the processes responsible for the link between comparison and ordering skills and arithmetic performance are not specific to the domain of numbers. Finally, a factor analysis indicated that performance on comparison and ordering tasks loaded on a factor that included performance on a number line task and self-reported spatial thinking styles. These results substantially extend previous research on the role of order processing abilities in mental arithmetic.