18世纪的人身--人权起源

近30年来,历史学家们着手研究人身表象中所发生的变化。在这方面,米歇尔·福柯发挥了很大作用,他坚持说西方的个人主义问题是由出现在诸如监狱或者性生活等迥然不同领域的人身惩戒的新法则构建的。我们不能无视福柯的著作,但为了了解人身的权利,本文将采取一个不同的路径,即以人身的独立性、不可侵犯性和自律性概念为中心,因为它们构成在诸如肖像艺术或者司法刑讯等如此多样领域里见到的人身特征。在《监视与惩罚》中,福柯分析了监狱的惩罚实践,但十分明确地坚持说学校、医院、工厂和兵营本质上都使用同样的方法。所有这些机构设置了一种“…     

DIMENSIONS COGNITIVES ET COMPORTEMENTALES CHEZ LES JOUEURS RÉGULIERS ET OCCASIONNELS AU BLACKJACK

Empirical studies in the psychology of gambling have revealed at least two well supported findings: (1) irrational cognitions outnumber rational cognitions during gambling (Gaboury and Ladouceur, 1987; Ladouceur, Gaboury, Dumont and Rochette 1988); (2) risk-taking behavior increases as a function to exposure to gambling activities (Ladouceur, Mayrand and Tourigny 1987; Ladouceur, Tourigny and Mayrand 1986). The present study compared regular and occasional gamblers on cognitive and behavioral measures during a blackjack session using the thinking aloud method. The results confirmed that regular players emitted more irrational thoughts than occasional gamblers. The theoretical and practical implications of those results are discussed within the general context of the psychology of gambling.     

PERCEPTION DE SOI ET PERCEPTION d'AUTRUI CHEZ LES ADOLESCENTS

Mille lycéens, des deux sexes, de 14 à 18 ans, ont passé un questionnaire destiné à mettre en évidence les stéréotypes qui sont associés à L'image qu'ils ont d'eux-mêmes, de leur groupe et du sexe opposé. On compare chez les adolescents français les réponses selon le sexe d'une part, selon L'origine socio-géographique (Paris-Province) d'autre part. Enfin, les adolescents français sont comparés à des adolescents grecs (Athènes). Les résultats font apparaître des différences dans la manière dont les individus réagissent à L'ambiguïté du statut de L'adolescence : les adolescents français réagissent par une contestation du monde des adultes, les adolescents grecs par un désir d'intégration. d'autre part, on constate une différence entre les sexes dans L'échantillon français : L'adolescent est perçu comme ayant des traits de caractère qui lui permettent de s'affirmer; au contraire, L'adolescente semble ne disposer que de traits de caractère qui la maintiennent dans la dépendance de L'homme. Néanmoins, malgré ces différences, la visée des adolescents étudiés demeure la même : la reconnaissance de leur existence sociale.     

CONTRIBUTION A UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES REPRESENTATIONS DES ROLES ET STATUTS MASCULINS ET FEMININS CHEZ LES JEUNES TUNISIENS SCOLARISES

After highlighting the local problems of the investigation and the cooperation with the other research groups, the authors describe the sample of subjects which is not representative of the whole Tunisian youth, and the application conditions of the questionnaire in Tunis. The Masculinity score is not affected by sex, age and academic orientation while sex and academic orientation influence the Femininity score. Sex is an important variable on the Importance of Marriage (F>M) and the Number of children desired (Fgt; M) but does not influence Educational Aspiration and Expectation. About the same findings are obtained for both sexes on the occupational values: Success is the most important factor. Academic orientation affects Success and Security (technical > college), and Creative, and Prestige (college > technical). The authors conclude that for the sample of subjects studied, attitudes, motivations and representations are changing.     

LES RAPPORTS ENTRE LE LANGAGE ET LA PENSÉE POINT DE VUE d'UN LINGUISTE

The author first wonders whether it was necessary to re-examine now the old problem of the relations between language and thought, as they are still too much related to traditional philosophical formulations, even among psychologists. He gives the reasons why, since Whitney, the scientific linguists, because of their epistemological prudence, voluntarily discarded this problem which they were not armed to study. Then he surveys some of the issues which, after a century of healthy anti-mentalistic views, an interdisciplinary scientific study could presently approach in a more valid and less ambitious experimental frame of work: thought without language, Whorf's hypothesis, relations between language and “splitting of the world”, lessons from experiences of translators, learning of language and pathology of language. Eventually, even though he seems to be avoiding it, he outlines the very complex problem of evaluating the still altogether unstructured draft of model with which Chomsky proposes to explain the relations between language and thought. The validity of this model is related to epistemological presuppositions and to a use of the notion of hypothetical-deductive models which it is difficult, but necessary to scrutinize at first.     

STRUCTURATION METAPHORIQUE DU CORPS ET IDENTITE DANS L'ANOREXIE MENTALE

The author explores the relations between personal identity and symbolic bodily structuring, as revealed by semantic-praxiological analysis in patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. In particular, he analyses the bodily practices of the patients and their families, the individual body scheme, bodily identity and psychic identity. It becomes apparent that at each level of analysis (individual, familial and socio-cultural) other aspects of identity are revealed. Some structural connections, rooted in spatio-temporal metaphors, exist however between all these aspects. This type of semantic-praxiological analysis is a novel and promising key to the understanding of the process of somatization. It also offers a better insight into the articulation of the biological, cultural and psychic levels which go to make up the individual identity.     

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE L'IMAGE DE LA PSYCHOLOGIE CHEZ LES ETUDIANTS EN PSYCHOLOGIE,BELGES, ESPAGNOLS,FRANCAIS, MEXICAINS ET QUEBECOIS*

1373 psychology students from Barcelona (Spain), Liège (Belgium), Lille (France), Mexico city (Mexico) and Montréal (Canada) responded to a questionnaire dealing with their image of the discipline at various points in their university career. The students were asked to designate the authors they felt to be the most important as well as their preferences in regard to various areas and tendencies in psychology. The results show more agreement than could have been expected considering the cultural diversity and the great distance among the groups examined. Relevant differences from the other universities studied were found only with the Mexican students.     

城市流散族群的社会组织:槟城马来华人的行会、帮派和网络

本文的研究基于在马来西亚槟城的若干次实地考察,以及历史学和社会人类学有关该城的丰富文献,阐述了目前在槟榔屿人口中仍占多数的华人社群的文化及社会复杂性。作者旨在分析南洋的华人社群长期以来所建立的社会组织的种种形态,并指出其社会组织是如何主要以行会、帮派和网络这三种形态为依托的。