是神创论还是进化论？——《科学与宗教：它们可调和吗》一书评述（三）

20世纪90年代在美国科学界一些著名科学家参与的、所谓的“科学与宗教运动”。其主要讨论的还是在宇宙学和生物学问题引发的有关进化论与神创论问题．进而又引发了更广泛的科学与宗教关系讨论：特别是当神创论的新变种——“智能设计论”提出后．在美国媒体推波助澜下。引发学界和公众中对此问题更加关注。该书的第二部分“‘智能设计论’亦即神创论对抗进化论”,有5位作者评论了“智能设计论”（新版神创论）对抗进化论问题。分析了“智能设计论”对进化论的疑问与挑战,其流行的现状及其在公众、社会和国家政治层面上的影响．阐述了“科学与宗教运动”带给公众什么样的思考。本文对此进行作者主要观点的介绍。     

重审科学的本质与科学知识的限度──评约翰·霍根《科学的终结》

20世纪既是科学与技术迅猛发展的年代，也是地球村民们为这种迅猛发展而大喜大悲的年代。查尔斯·斯诺于本世纪六十年代挑起的“两种文化”之争，拉开了人们在现代意义上重新审视科学文化的序幕。在随后的运动中，产生了两股不利于科学的潮流，其一是来自知识界的非理性主义和怀疑主义，其二是来自公众的反科学思潮。在现代社会，随着科学技术的负面影响日益明显、严重，反科学的呼声空前高涨起来。但这一思潮亦有其先天木足之处，即它主要是以伦理诉求为主旨，因而对科学来说还只是一种“外在的”评价。但就在ZO世纪即将结束之际，美国职…     

“科学”与“玄学”論战中胡適派所謂“科学”的反科学性

在一九二三年發生的所謂“科学”与“玄学”的混战中,胡適派表面上站在科学的立声,反对“玄学鬼”;实际上却是在“科学”的外衣下,偷运反科学的主观唯心論哲学,以反对馬克思列寧主义这个唯一真正的科学。胡適派在这場混战中所叫嚷的中心口号是“打倒玄学鬼”,主張“科学万能”和“科学可以解决人生观之全部”。本文的目的就是要具体分析他們对科学所作的主观唯心論的曲解,指明他們所謂反对“玄学”、主張“科学万能”的反科学、反馬克思主义哲学唯物論、特别是反歷史唯物論的实質。在“科玄”这場爭吵中,与胡適派“对战”的是以張君勱为代表的“玄学”一派人,那是公开反科学的、臭名昭著的唯心論者;此外,也还有些人或多或少动搖于兩派之間,如任叔永、范寿康等。本文因篇幅关系,不打算去批判他們。     

美国联邦法院对进化论争论的介入：“埃珀森案”剖析

20世纪50年代末60年代初,通过“埃珀森案”,科学与宗教经历了法庭上的较量之后,进化论最终得以名正言顺地重返课堂。本文试图通过展示埃珀森案的来龙去脉,揭示联邦法院在进化论与创世论争论中角色,揭示美国科学、法律与宗教之间复杂的关系。     

温故而知新--兼论当前关于"科学主义"的争论

当前我国出现了一场关于“反科学主义”、“科学传播”的争论。在历史上也曾出现过此类争论。温故知新。回顾一下历史上的有关争论,也许不无裨益。 一、历史上关于科学的争论 20世纪上半世纪,中外历史上发生过两次世人瞩目的关于科学问题的争论。其中一次发生在20世纪20年代的中国。1915年9月,《新青年》杂志在上海创刊。初名《青年杂志》,第2卷起改名《新青年》。《新青年》向中国引进了“德先生”和“赛先生”,提出“民主”和“科学”的口号,成为中国新文化运动的倡导者和主要宣传阵地。就在“科学”刚开始日益深入人心的时候,在中国社会中出现了反弹。     

福柯政治历史主义探究

"主体""历史"和"国家"是福柯思想中密切相关的三个重要论题。福柯的反人类学主体主义决定了其采取政治历史主义立场。此种政治历史主义不仅实施"区域批判",构建"反科学"和"反历史",以拯救"边缘知识"和"被征服的知识",还依据战争图式来探索历史-政治场域内权力关系的运作,阐发了以布兰维里耶为代表的、不同于以往哲学-法律话语的历史-政治话语,勾勒了西方生命权力形式从17世纪初到20世纪中叶的近现代演变史,展现了福柯政治历史主义之反普遍主义、反主体主义、反柏拉图主义、反霍布斯主义、反卢梭主义和反马基雅维里主义的理论实质和思想创新。现代性批判的重点主要因福柯的思想工作而从19世纪的经济关系转移到20世纪的权力关系。     

巴斯卡的批判实在论思想——兼议哲学社会科学研究之第三条进路

20世纪70年代,在整个思想界对实证主义科学观进行强烈批判的背景下,英国科学哲学家罗伊.巴斯卡(Roy Bhaskar)提出的“批判实在论”(Critical Realism)成为了一股不可小觑的思潮。巴斯卡希望通过批判实在论来继承启蒙运动,通过历史的自我意识和辩证法来消除反理性主义和还原论的理性主义。尽管他本人自诩“批判实在论”引发了20世纪末科学哲学界的“哥白尼式革命”有夸大之嫌,不过客观地讲,批评实在论确实为实证主义观念影响下的哲学、社会科学及自然科学领域出现的新挑战,提供了一些合理而有效的回应,尤其是有望成为哲学社会科学研究领域…     

试论进化论思想对近代中西医论争的影响

进化论在近代中国得到广泛传播后,对东西方文化的评判产生重要影响,作为当时中西文化论争一部分的中西医论争自不可避免。进化论思想使中医得到“落后”的价值评价,在现实中给予了批判中医论者政治上的正当性,并成为他们废止中医的思想来源之一;同时,由于被评价为“落后、迷信、不科学”,中医表达自身的话语权也逐渐发生了转移,造成了中医的“失语”。     

宗教对美国科学教育影响之观察——以公立学校进化论教育为例

宗教文化影响着美国社会的方方面面,包括公共学校教育。20世纪20年代以来,美国公立学校的进化论教育受到来自基督教创世论的持久反对与冲击。本文是对进化论与创世论在公立学校科学教育中争夺领地和席位的斗争过程的梳理,大致勾画出进化论与创世论此消彼长的抗衡历史,对我国的无神论教育具有一定的借鉴意义。     

未完结的本能：郭任远与中国本能论战

受到达尔文生物进化论的深刻影响, “本能”这一概念在19世纪末至20世纪初逐渐成为人类和动物心理学的核心议题。年轻的中国发展心理生物学家郭任远在美国心理学界掀起了一场声势浩大的反本能运动。返回中国后, 他持续阐发其激进行为主义思想, 推动了“中国现代心理学史上三场争论之一”的本能论战。这场争论不仅促使艾伟、潘菽、高觉敷等心理学家纷纷参与, 还吸引了周建人、李石岑等公共知识分子的目光。郭任远的理论主张与实验工作, 桥接起了本能争论的中国与世界战场, 并激荡起诸多积极、消极与混合反应。论战加速了本能的心理学研究在方法论上从“扶手椅”迈向“实验室”, 也深陷混淆发育解释与进化解释的历史圈套。虽然郭任远及其推动的中国本能论战并没有实现对本能心理学的“完结”, 但却揭示出语义和信仰在科学研究中的认识论价值。这种理论渗透的意识形态最终确立起郭氏在行为科学史上独特的学术地位, 并为本能演变成“未完结”的、开放的科学问题提供动力。     

The Return Of The Religious

Recents discussions of expansion in the European Union and the possibility of envisioning a Muslim country in it has exacerbated the deep-seated anxiety about Islam among the liberal and extreme right in Europe. This paper suggests that there are recurring elements in the discourse of European cultural identity and one of these elements is the representation of Islam in its alterity to European identity and civilization. Questioning the thesis of a radical break with the Christian past, this paper questions whether the European cultural identity which is being formed today signifies a break with a religious form of identification. The liberal and extreme right opposes Turkish membership on the grounds that the differences between ‘European values’ and ‘European culture and lifestyle’ and Turkey's culture are what makes the latter essentially and fundamentally external to the essence of Europe. Tracing the remnants of Christian discourse in the contemporary fashioning of European identity, this paper discusses how Christianity, with its secularized versions, which are now displaced to culture and lifestyle, still holds a privileged position as a unifying theme in Europe. It suggests that one of the tests that awaits Europe is whether it will be capable of articulating a new but democratic identity for Europe, one that is responsive to the differences of the other or whether it wants to continue to be European by way of its old methods of exclusion.     

The Red and The Real

It is often claimed that principles of individuation imply essential properties of the things individuated. For example, sets are individuated by their members, hence sets have their members essentially. But how does this inference work? First I discuss the form of such inferences, and conclude that the essentialist inference is not a purely formal matter: although there is a form which all principles of individuation have in common, it is not true that any statement of that form is a principle of individuation, and hence there is no valid inference based purely on that form. However, I argue that there is a viable version of the essentialist inference nonetheless. The resources for a proper reconstruction of this type of inference can be gathered from reflections upon the role principles of individuation play in the project of the ontologist: such principles turn out to carry a modal weight similar to that of definitions or conceptual truths. It follows that, no matter how austere the ontology, some portion of essentialist modality is inevitable.     

医学教育人文精神缺失的弊端及对策

人文精神本是医学学科的根本要旨之一,然而,目前医学教育中普遍存在着人文精神缺失的状况.从医学教育的宗旨、医学模式的转变、医学生的综合素质、医患关系方面剖析了人文精神缺失的弊端并提出了相应对策.     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

The Units Of Selection And The Causal Structure Of The World

Genic selectionism holds that all selection can be understood as operating on particular genes. Critics (and conventional biological wisdom) insist that this misrepresents the actual causal structure of selective phenomena at higher levels of biological organization, but cannot convincingly defend this intuition. I argue that the real failing of genic selectionism is pragmatic – it prevents us from adopting the most efficient corpus of causal laws for predicting and intervening in the course of affairs – and I offer a Pragmatic account of causation itself which ultimately bears out the claim that genic selectionism misrepresents the causal structure of selective contexts.