Introductory commentary

Abstract

Harriet Pappenheim. Einführender Kommentar.

Seit zwanzig Jahren führte die Postgraduate Psychoanalytic Society jedes Jahr eine Konferenz durch, zu der die Psychoanalytiker der Umgebung eingeladen wurden. Gut bekannte Gelehrte und Kliniker aus den Vereinigten Staaten wurden zum Vortragen ihrer Arbeiten eingeladen. Die Schwerpunkte waren auf neue, im Entstehen begriffene Aspekte der Psychoanalyse gerichtet, die nach unserer Meinung weiter studiert und beleuchtet werden sollten.

Harriet Pappenheim. Un Comentario introductorio

En cada uno de los últimos veinte años, la Postgraduate Psychoanalytic Society ha organizado la Conferencia Científica Anual en la ciudad de Nueva York a la cual la comunidad psicoanalítica del área ha sido invitada. Clínicos y colegiales prestigiados de todas partes de Estados Unidos han sido invitados a presentar trabajos y en todas las conferencias el foco ha sido las nuevas áreas que van emergiendo en psicoanalisis, que desde nuestro punto de vista, requirieron mayor elucidación y estudio.     

庸言

[说明] <易>之<文言传>引孔子语,阐述<乾>卦九二之德时,曾以"庸言之信"称之."庸言"者,平凡之言也.先师遗稿<庸言>的命名之义,盖出乎此矣.     

Anticruelty care: commentary

The anticruelty policy is a best-interests test for treatment plans including decisions to forgo life-sustaining therapy for certain incompetent patients. In connection with specific proposed therapy, the policy requires no reference to the patient's unknowable values, subjective experiences, or quality of life. The decision to undertake a treatment plan derives from the caregiver's knowledge of burdens and benefits of that treatment when used in caring for the competent or for those incompetents capable of growth or repair. The caregiver should weigh the potentially cruel effects of treatment against the likelihood of reducing suffering or encumbrance with the treatment. The terms "burden" and "benefit," in fact, are replaced by the terms "cruelty" and "beneficence," as the relevant opposing outcomes that must be weighed. Thus, the anticruelty policy shifts our scrutiny from experiences of the patient that we cannot evaluate to the proposed actions of the competent decision makers and caregivers. Notably, it is a protreatment policy when the goals of medicine are attainable; and it is an anticruelty policy when they are not. The policy does evaluate the world of the patient to the extent that it requires a judgment based upon external appearances about patient pleasure or happiness in living. It presumes to universalize larger societal values about cruelty, beneficence, compassionate concern for the helpless, and certain rights of individuals. And it presumes to universalize on the patient's behalf specific medical values about hopeless injury, timely death, the goals of medicine, and cruelty, which should remain open to societal discussion and revision. The presented definition of hopeless injury does not require brain death, coma, or persistent vegetative state. Specifically, the policy holds that death is timely for a patient with hopeless injury, and that prevention of death for such patients is not a goal of medicine but a cruelty.     

依从行为研究述评

依从是社会心理学研究的重要内容,是个体接受社会影响的重要方式之一。个体应对社会影响的内在机制和外在方式主要由人类行为的三个基本目标所决定,即对环境做出准确的认知并指导自己的行为,发展和形成有意义的社会关系,保持自我概念的一致性。文章重点论述了依从获得情境中的个体在此三个基本目标的支配下所发生的细微的、间接的和无意识的心理过程。