L’habilitation des salariés : le rôle du supérieur et des collègues

Organizational initiatives to empower employees have limited success if they are supported only by top managers. The goal of this study is to examine how two actors in the workers’ proximal social environment, the supervisor and colleagues, contribute to employee empowerment. A questionnaire study was conducted with a sample of 418 workers relying both on psychological and behavioral self-report measures of employee empowerment. Multiple regressions revealed that contributions from the supervisor and colleagues are distinct, additive and interact in a synergic way to increase employee empowerment. These results suggest that it is important to foster favorable conditions in the workers’ proximal social environment to instill employee empowerment.     

Santé et travail : le cas des facteurs de risque des troubles musculo-squelettiques du membre supérieur

The study proposes us to define and to treat the social questions that the musculoskeletal disorders suppose. Indeed, an optimal prevention is articulated around the two poles of musculoskeletal disorders factors of risk, which are the biomechanics and psychosocial factors of risk. The aim of this article is also to create a collective reaction for mobilise every one which are concerned by this subject. The musculoskeletal disorders are one of the first causes of compensation working disease. The factors of risk in their occurred are mainly the repetitivite gesture, the implementation of the muscular force, the extreme articular amplitudes and also, but in a less proportion, the psychological stress felt by a person during his working time. All these elements will be developing in this study.     

Travail et épuisement professionnel : le rôle modérateur des traits de la personnalité

This study aims to assess the moderating role of personality traits on the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The stress theories (Lazarus et Folkman, 1984; Marchand, 2004; Pearlin, 1999) argues that the effects of stressors are moderated by the individual perception of stressors, some personality traits may thus moderate the relationship between work stressors and burnout. The main results confirm self-esteem and locus of control moderates the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The results of this study may be useful in some human resource management activities, particularly career management, promotions management and personnel selection.     

Le rôle des stresseurs sur le comportement d’innovation : Quand le leadership habilitant du supérieur protège le potentiel d’innovation des travailleurs

This study focuses on the relationship between workplace stressors and innovative work behavior. The joint analysis of the mediation process supporting this relationship as well as the influence of certain external conditions such as the moderating role of the supervisor has made it possible to highlight the dynamic that underlie the relationship between stressors and innovation behavior. Using the challenge-hindrance model, this theory proposes that challenge (i.e., role overload) and hindrance (i.e., role ambiguity and role conflict) stressors exert positive and negative indirect effects, respectively, on innovative work behavior through psychological empowerment (PE). Furthermore, empowering leadership (EL) has the potential to optimize the benefits of challenge stressors and reduce the effects of hindrance stressors on PE and indirectly on innovation work behavior. In support of these predictions, a time-lagged study of 146 employees from various Canadian firms reveals that hindrance stressors, particularly role ambiguity, are negatively related to innovative work behavior through PE. Moreover, when EL was high, the positive effects of role overload were enhanced through PE while the negative effects of role ambiguity and role conflict were attenuated. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.     

Les effets des activités auto-descriptives sur la clarté du concept de soi : le rôle modérateur des variables sociodémographiques

This research questions the possibility of inducing the development of self-concept clarity (SCC), through a self-describing activity. A test-retest device comprises three groups: neutral (no intermediate activity), control (logical-cognitive activity), experimental (self-describing activity). The results indicate that the self-describing activity generates the largest effect, but become significantly stronger when individuals start with a low CCS, which is often the when belonging to less values socio-demographic categories. We reinterpet these process in terms of “remediation” et we explore possibilities to measure and develop professional orientation practices for this purpose.     

Le statut de la psychothérapie : entre le normal et le pathologique

The professional status of psychotherapist and the outcome evaluation procedures are two topics of interest that are particularly involved in a present political debate. It is necessary to replace them in the scientific field. But the task remains uneasy due to the ambiguity about the permanent question of the relationship between normality and pathology. Nevertheless, we must keep the concept of psychotherapy in the mental health domain. Some proposals are presented for justifying this position and precising the methodological requirements for a right politic of evaluation.     

Parents en résidence alternée et relation coparentale : le rôle de la relation d’attachement entre les ex-partenaires et des variables liées au contexte de la séparation conjugale

A context–process–outcomes model was proposed to examined the effect of a variety of factors associated with divorce on post-divorce coparental relationship in a sample of joint physical custody parents with children aged between 4 years and 12 years old (50–50) (n = 38). Parents completed questionnaires evaluating quality of coparental relationship. This variable is analyzed through 2 indicators: the parenting alliance and the hostility. The results revealed that attachment between former spouses and the kind of legal decision emerged as significant predictors of coparental relationship. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, higher level of preoccupation was found to predict more supportive parental alliance. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.     

Conduites évaluatives des cyber-étudiants à l’université : rôle du sentiment de communauté

Our study aims to describe and explain the diversity of students’ evaluative conducts according to socio-technical characteristics of their courses setting (face-to-face/e-learning) but also to sense of community. Our survey results based on a questionnaire administered to 195 students confirm our hypothesis. They show that e-learners are more satisfied with their training than face-to-face students are. Moreover, they point out that sense of community has a positive impact on e-learners satisfaction and on the way, they give meaning to their training according to their different spheres of activities. However, the influence of sense of community on those both dimensions is less straight to face-to-face students.     

Stéréotypes de poids,jugement de valeur et de recrutabilité : les rôles modérateurs du sexe et de la personnalité

ObjectiveThe existing literature testifies to the presence of discrimination against obese people in hiring. The present study aimed to test the effects of candidates’ weight on value judgment and recruitability by taking into account their gender and personality. The study using the judges’ paradigm involved a sample of 279 recruiters. The recruiters were asked to judge eight fictitious CVs including a photo of the candidate, their education, their work experience and their answers to a personality test (proactive or reactive personality). The target job was a medical laboratory technician.ResultsAnalyses of variance revealed significant effects of applicants’ weight, and proactivity on judgements of agreeableness, effort, competence and recruitability. Indeed, obese people are discriminated against in hiring whereas proactivity would be a variable increasing the recruitability judgment. Moreover, the gender of applicants alone is no longer a variable that encourages discrimination.ConclusionThis study opens up a new field of research on proactivity as a social norm of judgement and corroborates previous studies on weight discrimination in personnel selection. The limitations of the study open up new avenues of research.     

La satisfaction des attentes de soutien de l’apprenant : vers un examen nuancé de l’effet du soutien du supérieur immédiat sur le transfert des apprentissages

Supervisor support enhances transfer of training, but the process by which it operates is still unknown. One specific question remains about the distinction between expected and perceived support. This study aimed to assess the influence of expected and perceived support on transfer, as well as to examine the effect of a perception gap between these two types of support. Results obtained from 76 trainees indicate that: (1) both expected and perceived support foster transfer, (2) expected support explains a significant part of the variance of transfer in the presence of perceived support, (3) the gap between the two types of support help explain the effect of supervisor support on training transfer.     

Le rôle du contexte d’expression et du statut social des intervenants de santé dans la production d’un discours normatif : le cas de la relation des jeunes à l’alcool

The objective of this research is to show that, under usual conditions of interaction between an agent of health and of its public intervention, the individuals produce a “pro-health” speech which can lead astray this agent, concerning the representation which they have of alcohol. Students, producing verbal associations about this object, were confronted either with an agent of health or with a student, and were speaking either for themselves or as the students would do in general. The results show that the individuals, placed in front of an agent of health and directly implied in the beliefs that they express, tend to adopt the speech wished by this agent. However, this manifest adhesion only appears to be circumstantial, insofar as the speech of the individuals is different when they are expressed vis-a-vis a member of its group and in the name of this one. The implications of these results with regard to the interventions of prevention are discussed.     

Risques psychosociaux au travail : le rôle modérateur des stratégies de coping

It is now a fact that health and well being at work are enhanced by organizational characteristics (Dupret, Bocéréan, Teherani, & Feltrin, 2012) and individual characteristics such as coping strategies used in a stressful situation (Truchot & Fisher, 2002). The purpose of this research is to study the interaction between organizational characteristics and coping strategies in the emergence of psychosocial risks factors. This study was conducted with 427 employees, as part of a psychosocial risk assessment. The analysis (Sobel tests and LISREL modelization) show the moderating influence between coping strategies and the organizational variables on occupational health and life quality.     

La discrimination ethnique à l’emploi : le rôle des préjugés,du contact intergroupe et des orientations d’acculturation

Introduction and objectiveLittle is known about employment discrimination in France. The goal of this study was to examine some of the determinants of employment discrimination toward French Young from Turkish and North-african Immigration (YTNI).MethodUnder this perspective, 62 employers filled out an anonymous questionnaire in France (Auvergne).ResultsFirst, results reveal that the level of employers’ prejudice determines their behavioural intentions during recruitments, especially two kinds of prejudice: perception of YTNI overpopulation, and perception of incompatibility between YTNI recruitment and firm brand image. Second, the quality of intergroup contact is significantly related to prejudice, but not to discrimination. Concerning employers’ acculturation orientations, they prefer segregation compare to assimilation. Finally, the more they endorses ethnocentric acculturation orientations, the more they are prejudiced and the more they have the intention to discriminate.ConclusionThis research suggests courses of action for the reduction of employment discrimination.     

Une analyse du leadership laissez-faire dans les organisations : le rôle des orientations d’objectifs des employés

Supervisors’ laissez-faire leadership has been scarcely studied in the management literature. Moreover, the role of individual differences in employees’ reactions to laissez-faire leadership remains unknown. In the present study (n = 248), we examine the relationship between supervisors’ laissez-faire leadership and employees’ (affective) commitment to the supervisor and the organization, and their job satisfaction, and consider employees’ goal orientations (learning, performance, and avoidance) as moderating variables of these relationships. The results of multiple regression analyses indicate that laissez-faire leadership is negatively associated with employee commitment to the supervisor and the organization and job satisfaction. In addition, the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and commitment to the supervisor and to the organization was more negative when performance orientation was high. In contrast, the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and commitment to the supervisor and the organization and job satisfaction was less negative when avoidance orientation was high. Learning orientation exerted no moderating effect. These results reveal that the undermining effect of laissez-faire leadership varies across levels of employees’ performance and avoidance orientations. We discuss the implications of these results for future research.     

Le risque de décrochage scolaire chez des collégiens libanais : le rôle spécifique du sentiment d’efficacité, de l’anxiété et du soutien parental et enseignant ?

Dropping out of school is a break that permanently interrupts a pupil's schooling. Mainly psychological factors may contribute to this situation. The study focuses on the role played by some socio-emotional factors in the risk of dropping out of school in Lebanon. A quantitative research has been conducted on 504 teenagers attending middle school in 7th grade about their dropping out risks. Causal track analyses show that school learning experiences, social support provided by family and teachers, as well as some individual characteristics – (school anxiety, feelings of effectiveness related to school domain, expectations versus in school, school project) interact to increase or decrease the risk of dropping out.     

Ajustement rôle parental et rôle professionnel,un synchroniseur externe des rythmes attentionnels de l’enfant

The aim of this study was to investigate in families of two working parents the effects of parents’ work organisation and work-related stress on the level and rhythmicity of their children's attention in school. Four hundred and sixty children between five and 10 years of age, divided into three age groups, completed crossing-out tests. Each parent completed a coded and anonymous questionnaire. The results, analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05), suggest that the mother's and father's work organisation and work-related stress impact on the child's attention differently according to age. Irregular professional activities, difficult to foresee and out of step with social life, as well as mental strain and accumulated stress could affect the regulatory function of the family on the child's receptiveness to learn at school.