企业管理者人格类型研究

研究企业管理者人格类型对评价企业经营者任职资格．有效配置管理者有很大帮助。本文采用MBTI—M．对255名企业管理者的人格类型进行研究。结果表明．ESTJ型和ISTJ型是企业管理者的典型人格类型;性别、年龄、教育水平、管理职位、管理领域、企业性质等变量对管理者的典型人格类型没有显著影响。研究同时表明,MBTI—M是较理想的人格测量工具。     

在押毒品犯人格类型的聚类分析

目的 :探讨毒品犯的人格分类模型。方法 :以 378名在押毒品犯接受CPI测验数据为基础 ,在 2 0个变量组成的 2 0维空间内对毒品犯进行Q型聚类。结果 :采用分层聚类中的Q型聚类方法分析在押毒品犯的人格类型 ,得到 3种基本的人格类型 ,经F检验和LSD检验 ,表明 3种人格类型在各分量表上的得分具有十分显著的差异。结论 :怯弱 -不成熟型、独立 -不成熟型和可控制 -不成熟型 3种人格类型是一个有效的分类模型 ;这一分类模型有助于监狱开展对在押毒品犯的分类矫治工作     

抑郁症的人格类型及其脑功能连接基础

本研究采用功能随机森林的方法,将聚类过程与抑郁症诊断相结合,分别在抑郁症和控制组中识别了人格类型(神经质和外向性的组合),并进一步探究了不同人格类型的静息态功能连接差异。聚类分析结果显示,抑郁症以高神经质和低外向性趋势的个体为主,但同样有低神经质和高外向性趋势的个体。控制组样本则以低神经质和高外向性个体为主。静息态功能连接的结果显示：在不考虑人格亚型的情况下,抑郁症和控制组在杏仁核/海马/脑岛-边缘网络/默认网络/控制网络的功能连接上均无显著差异。在纳入聚类分析所划分的亚型进行统计后,多种人格类型在左侧杏仁核/脑岛-边缘网络(以眶额皮质区域为主)的功能连接强度上呈现出显著差异。本研究基于个人视角识别的抑郁症人格类型更符合现实情况与个体认知模式,具有潜在的临床应用价值,并且其功能连接的差异对理解抑郁症异质性提供了神经层面的参考。     

陕西地区初中生心理健康素质特点调查

对陕西地区1299名城乡初中生进行分层整体取样调查,结果表明：（1）初中生心理健康素质在人际素质、动力系统、自我和归因风格方面城乡差异显著;（2）在适应、人际素质、动力系统、自我和归因风格方面初二得分高于初一和初三,年级差异显著;（3）在动力系统和归因风格方面女生得分显著高于男生,男生认知风格得分显著高于女生。     

初中生偶像崇拜及其与生活目标和主观幸福感的关系:性别的调节作用

本研究以3587名初中生为对象,采用问卷测量法,考察了初中生偶像崇拜在性别和年级上的差异,及其与生活目标和主观幸福感的关系,并探究了性别在其中的调节作用。研究发现：（1）女生的偶像崇拜水平显著高于男生的,且偶像崇拜高水平组中女生人数显著多于男生,偶像崇拜低水平组中则相反;初一与初二年级间偶像崇拜的水平及在不同水平上的人数分布均无显著差异。（2）外在生活目标能够正向预测初中生的偶像崇拜水平,其中性别起调节作用,外在生活目标对女生偶像崇拜水平的影响大于男生。（3）性别对偶像崇拜影响初中生主观幸福感上也具有调节作用,即偶像崇拜水平负向预测初中女生的主观幸福感,对男生的主观幸福感则影响不显著。     

中学生心理素质的类别特征:基于个体中心的潜在类别分析

了解中学生心理素质的类别特征并考察其性别与学段特点。使用中学生心理素质问卷对全国1570名中学生被试施测,使用潜在类别分析方法对中学生的心理素质类别特征进行划分,使用无序多分变量的Logistic回归考察中学生心理素质的性别与学段特点。结果:依据潜在类别分析的统计指标,中学生心理素质可划分"高心理素质组"(15%)、"较高个性-适应性组"(21%)、"较低个性-适应性组"(33%)和"低心理素质组"(31%)。进一步的分析发现,与"低心理素质组"相比,其它三组有着显著的性别和学段效应,"高心理素质组"、"较高个性-适应性组"和"较低个性-适应性组"的女生所占比例更大;同时,在这三个组群中初中生所占的比例更高。表明,中学生的心理素质有明显分类特征,不同潜在类别中有显著的性别与学段特点。     

儿童青少年优秀品质的基本特点与模式*

采用优势行动价值问卷儿童青少年版（VIA-Youth）对947名城市儿童青少年进行调查,以探究儿童青少年优秀品质的基本特点,包括各种优秀品质的性别及年龄特点,以及儿童青少年优秀品质的组合模式等。研究得出以下结论：在24种优秀品质中,儿童青少年得分最高的5种分别是领导力、信仰、审慎、谦虚和正直,得分最低的5种为幽默、善良慷慨、感恩、宽容和好奇心。男生的好奇心得分显著高于女生,女生的情感智力和自我控制得分显著高于男生,在其他优秀品质上不存在显著性别差异;除创造力、信仰等5种优秀品质以外,八年级青少年的优秀品质得分均显著高于五年级儿童。潜剖面分析表明,儿童青少年优秀品质表现为高优秀品质组、中等略低优秀品质组和低优秀品质组3种不同的组合模式,3种组合模式的分布不存在显著的性别和年级差异。     

青少年的父母监控状况及其对社会适应的影响

以2324名中学生为被试,采用问卷法考察青少年的父母监控状况,并探讨了青少年的父母监控与社会适应、情绪性人格的关系。结果发现:(1)青少年的父母监控在年级和性别上存在显著差异:在父母对青少年的知晓度方面,女生显著高于男生;在父母对青少年的消极控制方面,男生显著高于女生;但在自主准予方面,性别差异不显著。且在父母监控的三维度上均呈现出年级越高得分越低的趋势。(2)青少年的父母监控可以分为民主型、控制型和放任型,它们在青少年群体中的比例分别是38%、30%和32%。(3)不同父母监控类型的青少年在社会适应八个维度上的差异均达到了极其显著的水平。(4)情绪性人格对父母监控与青少年消极适应的关系有显著的调节作用。     

父母教养方式的潜在类别:潜在剖面分析

采用问卷法,对764名青少年进行测试,首先采用潜在剖面分析模型探索了父母教养方式的潜在类别,然后通过青少年道德脱离、道德同一性的得分差异来确认潜在类别的效度。结果表明,从青少年的角度父母教养方式分为积极型、消极型和混合型三种,其中积极型人数最多、消极型人数最少。此外,青少年道德脱离、道德同一性的得分在这三种潜在类别上存在显著差异,表明本研究得到的三种潜在类别有较好的效度。积极型教养方式下青少年道德脱离的得分显著低于混合型和消极型的得分,混合型教养方式下道德脱离的得分显著高于消极型的得分;积极型教养方式下青少年道德同一性的得分显著高于混合型和消极型的得分,混合型教养方式下道德同一性的得分显著低于消极型的得分。     

创造性测验的性别与材料差异效应

以415名中学生为对象,采用修订后的《青少年科学创造性测验》考察了创造力的性别差异,并分析了不同测验材料对创造性表现的影响。结果发现：（1）在创造性总体上高中生显著优于初中生,但不存在显著的性别差异;（2）在流畅性与灵活性方面不存在显著性别、年级差异,在独特性上性别和年级的交互作用显著,表现为高中男生得分显著优于女生,而初中性别差异不显著;（3）不同性质的测验材料对创造性的影响不同,言语任务方面不存在显著的年级、性别差异,而图形任务方面则是高中生显著优于初中生,男生显著优于女生。     

Resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality prototypes among persons with spinal cord injury

A sample of 199 persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) were assessed on Big Five personality dimensions using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992) at admission to an inpatient medical rehabilitation program. A cluster analysis of the baseline NEO-FFI yielded 3 cluster prototypes that resemble resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled prototypes identified in many previous studies of children and adult community samples. Compared with normative samples, this sample had significantly fewer resilient prototypes and significantly more overcontrolled and undercontrolled prototypes. Undercontrolled individuals were the modal prototype. The resilient and undercontrolled types were better adjusted than the overcontrolled types, showing lower levels of depression at admission and higher acceptance of disability at discharge. The resilient type at admission predicted the most effective reports of social problem-solving abilities at discharge and the overcontrolled type the least. We discuss the implications of these results for assessment and interventions in rehabilitation settings.     

Resilient,Overcontrolled, and Undercontrolled Personality Types: Issues and Controversies

Personality types refer to common or typical configurations of the dispositional attributes that define the individual. Research over the last 20 years has identified a set of three replicable personality types: resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled personalities. Resilient individuals are characterized by self-confidence, emotional stability, and a positive orientation toward others. Overcontrolled individuals are emotionally brittle, introverted, and tense, whereas undercontrolled individuals are disagreeable and lack self-control. In this article, we provide a brief history of current research on the three personality types and identify key areas of controversy. We also outline several directions for future research and discuss the importance of maintaining both attribute- and person-centered perspectives in contemporary personality psychology.     

Anchoring Bullying and Victimization in Children Within a Five‐Factor Model‐Based Person‐Centred Framework

Although researchers have begun to explore bullying and victimization problems from a personality perspective, more work is needed on the particular personality constellations of children and adolescents who are vulnerable to victimization or prone to bullying. The principal research goal of the present study was to anchor the robust four‐group classification of bullying and victimization (i.e. bullies, victims, bully/victims and uninvolved children) within the Five‐Factor Model‐based person‐centred framework in primary school children (N = 660), controlling for gender. We found four distinct personality types in middle childhood: a mixed type, an undercontrolled type, a moderate type and a resilient type. In line with expectations, we found that a resilient personality profile protected children and adolescents against victimization and that children and adolescents with an undercontrolled or mixed personality profile were at increased risk to be bully/victims, rather than uninvolved in bully problems or victimization, compared with children with a moderate personality profile. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The relation between personality and prejudice: a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach

The relationship between Big Five personality (measured by the NEO‐PI) and prejudice was examined using a variable‐ and a person‐centred approach. Big Five scores were related to a generalized prejudice factor based on seven different prejudice scales (racial prejudice, sexism, etc). A correlation analysis disclosed that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were significantly related to prejudice, and a multiple regression analysis showed that a variable‐centred approach displayed a substantial cross‐validated relationship between the five personality factors and prejudice. A cluster analysis of the Big Five profiles yielded, in line with previous research, three personality types, but this person‐centred approach showed a low cross‐validated relationship between personality and prejudice, where the overcontrolled type showed the highest prejudice and the undercontrolled the lowest, with the resilient falling in between. A head‐to‐head comparison sustained the conclusion that, based on people's Big Five personalities, their generalized prejudice could be predicted more accurately by the variable‐ than the person‐centred approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parent–offspring similarity in personality and adolescents' problem behaviour

Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents may have considerable implications for adolescent well‐being. We studied how the similarity in personality between 288 adolescents and their parents is linked to adolescent problem behaviour, and whether this link is mediated by warmth and control in the parent–child relationship and moderated by the personality type of the adolescent. Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents was negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour, both concurrently and over time. This relation was not mediated by the parent–child relationship. The effects were present for overcontrolled but not for resilient or undercontrolled adolescents. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Personality prototypes in eating disorders based on the Big Five model

A three factor model of personality pathology was investigated in a clinical sample of 335 female eating disordered patients. Cluster analysis of the Big Five NEO-FFI scales (Costa & McCrae, 1992) yielded three distinct personality profiles, which were consistent with previous studies: (1) a resilient/high functioning cluster with no clinical elevations on the NEO-FFI scales; (2) an undercontrolled/emotionally dysregulated cluster with elevated scores on the Neuroticism scale and low scores on Conscientiousness and Agreeableness; (3) an overcontrolled/constricted cluster showing high scores on Neuroticism and Conscientiousness and low scores on Openness to Experience. Comparing the three personality prototypes with respect to Axis I and Axis II disorders,resilients reported systematically less clinical and personality problems than both undercontrollers and overcontrollers. Compared to the latter, undercontrollers showed more impulsive personality features and behaviors. Finally, cluster membership was not clearly associated with eating disorder subtypes, suggesting that there is considerable variance in personality features and/or pathology within the various eating disorder categories.     

Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness

Applying a person-centered approach, three personality types based on the NEO-FFI scales were identified in a sample of N = 141 participants by means of clustering methods. They were described as a resilient (low N, high E), a non-desirable (high N, low E, A, and C), and a reserved overcontrolled prototype (low E and O, high A and C). The prototypes were related to the level of aggressiveness, assessed by the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Results indicate that the three clusters differ mainly in their levels of hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and with respect to anger. With respect to total aggressiveness, the non-desirable prototype displayed the highest and the reserved prototype the lowest AQ scores. The results are discussed in relation to studies based on a variable-centered approach. Possible implications for treatment and research are addressed.     

Configural Approaches to Temperament Assessment: Implications for Predicting Risk of Unintentional Injury in Children

ABSTRACT This study used two configural approaches to understand how temperament factors (surgency/extraversion, negative affect, and effortful control) might predict child injury risk. In the first approach, clustering procedures were applied to trait dimensions to identify discrete personality prototypes. In the second approach, two- and three-way trait interactions were considered dimensionally in regression models predicting injury outcomes. Injury risk was assessed through four measures: lifetime prevalence of injuries requiring professional medical attention, scores on the Injury Behavior Checklist, and frequency and severity of injuries reported in a 2-week injury diary. In the prototype analysis, three temperament clusters were obtained, which resembled resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled types found in previous research. Undercontrolled children had greater risk of injury than children in the other groups. In the dimensional interaction analyses, an interaction between surgency/extraversion and negative affect tended to predict injury, especially when children lacked capacity for effortful control.     

Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled personality prototypes in childhood: replicability, predictive power, and the trait-type issue.

In a longitudinal study, Q-sort patterns of German preschool children were analyzed for personality prototypes and related to developmental outcomes up to age 12. Q-factor analyses confirmed 3 prototypic patterns that showed a high continuity and cross-judge consistency; were similar to those found for North American, Dutch, and Icelandic children; and can be interpreted as resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled. Relations reported by R. W. Robins, O. P. John, A. Caspi, T. E. Moffitt, & M. Stouthamer-Loeber (1996) between these 3 patterns and the Big Five were fully replicated. Growth curve analyses showed that the 3 patterns predicted important developmental outcomes in both the social and the cognitive domains. Evidence was found for both traits and types: A continuous dimension of resiliency bifurcates in its lower part into two relatively discrete personality types, overcontrollers and undercontrollers.     

Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness

Applying a person-centered approach, three personality types based on the NEO-FFI scales were identified in a sample of N = 141 participants by means of clustering methods. They were described as a resilient (low N, high E), a non-desirable (high N, low E, A, and C), and a reserved overcontrolled prototype (low E and O, high A and C). The prototypes were related to the level of aggressiveness, assessed by the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Results indicate that the three clusters differ mainly in their levels of hostility, verbal aggressiveness, and with respect to anger. With respect to total aggressiveness, the non-desirable prototype displayed the highest and the reserved prototype the lowest AQ scores. The results are discussed in relation to studies based on a variable-centered approach. Possible implications for treatment and research are addressed.