基于MJT的道德结构验证性分析研究

从科尔伯格提出道德认知发展概念至今,已经出现对道德认知发展的几种不同解释,其中较为著名的包括阶段论、水平论和认知图式论.本研究通过对一份道德判断测验的数据进行分析,采用建立模型的实证方法,试图验证已有的几种道德认知结构理论的正确性.研究表明:道德发展过程的确包含六个阶段,它们是按照一定顺序发展的.同时,道德发展过程中还出现三个水平,并先后建立了三种不同的认知图式.     

国外有关儿童对地图表征的认知发展研究

该文综述了儿童空间表征研究的主要进展,简要介绍了有关空间表征的认知发展的两种不同理论观点。以空间表征的对应说为框架对儿童地图表征的认知发展过程方面的研究工作加以评述,指出了儿童空间认知发展研究的新趋势。     

初入学儿童认知发展中的个别差异和个人内部差异初探

本研究以守恒、类包含、双维逻辑关系等多项认知任务施加于同一被试,探查了初入学七岁儿童的认知发展。结果表明这一年龄儿童已基本上获得有关守恒概念(除容积守恒),逻辑推理能力正在形成和发展。学校教育条件,家庭文化教育背景及个人智能等因素对认知发展有重要影响。个人内部的认知发展存在着横向参差现象,其原因有待进一步研究。     

西方儿童绘画与认知发展关系研究的进展

０引言儿童绘画有着独特的特点,是儿童表达情绪、情感和对事物的理解的一种方式,它反映着儿童对周围世界的认识程度,是研究儿童认知发展的一个很好的工具。儿童在画画时,采用与成人绘画不同的表征策略。绘画表征策略的发展反映出认知发展的过程。西方发展心理学家在儿童绘画与认知发展的关系方面做了一些工作,发表了大量的研究报告。但是在国内这方面的探讨还比较少。本文介绍的是国外这一领域的一些研究结果和研究动态与趋势。１儿童画所表现的是什么？儿童画画的是什么,这是儿童绘画认知发展研究的一个中心问题。Ｐｉａｇｅｔ［１］…     

不同年龄儿童对权威认知水平的研究

文章采用两难故事法对儿童(7～17岁)在与权威(父母、教师与社会上的成人)发生矛盾冲突时所处的认知水平进行了研究,结果发现儿童对有关权威的规则与命令并不是一种盲目的服从与不服从,而是依据自己对权威的一种认知而行动的,儿童对权威的认知处于一种发展过程中,不同年龄儿童对权威的认知水平不同且存在显著的年龄差异和对象差异。     

双语与认知发展关系的近期研究进展

双语与认知发展的关系一直是心理学家关注的一个重要问题。该文从双语的概念入手,介绍了双语的几种重要的分类、双语和认知发展及元语言意识发展的关系、相关的理论解释以及双语儿童认知优势的内在机制,最后对已有研究进行了评述并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

儿童科学概念的认知发展

综述了作者在儿童科学概念认知领域的研究,其中包括儿童的朴素生物学、朴素物理学认知及其与心理理论发展关系的研究。作者研究了儿童在生命科学领域的自发概念,包括对生长、衰老、疾病和死亡等生命现象的认知,探查儿童对日常生活中物理学概念（如力等）的朴素认知,力图发现儿童早期认知中的潜力,同时探明他们相应的错误概念,并采用教育干预实验,促进儿童科学概念的转化。还探查影响儿童科学概念发展的因素,包括外部教育条件以及个体认知能力（如心理理论发展水平,推理能力等）。研究发现,儿童在接受正规的科学教育前就对人类重要的科学领域形成了自己的“朴素理论”,他们用这种理论来解释现实世界的现象。作者主张儿童的科学教育（包括健康教育）应该以儿童的“朴素理论”为基础,从而真正做到因材施教     

发展瀑布效应:儿童认知功能与社会适应领域的研究

发展瀑布效应指的是在复杂的发展过程中各种交互作用或相互作用的累积结果,这种发展的累积效应导致跨越不同水平、领域、系统或者不同世代的传播效应。本文阐述了研究者利用发展瀑布效应解释儿童认知功能与社会适应领域的发展时采用的不同模型,介绍了儿童认知功能与社会适应领域的发展瀑布效应,最后对发展瀑布效应在这两个领域的研究方法与应用价值进行了总结与展望。     

幼儿对心理状态的认识

本研究探讨３—５岁儿童对自身和他人心理状态认识的发展过程．借助图片和玩具结合四种作业任务,对１９１名儿童进行了实验和短期追踪实验。结果表明：３岁儿童尚不能对心理状态作出认识,４岁半左右是儿童认识心理状态的转折期,到５岁末能完全把握自身和他人的心理状态．在四项作业任务中,儿童通过的先后次序为他人误念判断和他人未知判断、现象一实在区分、表征变换．这一方面与儿童的认知发展趋势有关,另一方面也与实验的情景和材料有关．     

学习不良儿童的家庭资源对其认知发展、学习动机的影响

运用认知测验法和问卷法,综合考察了１６７中学习不良儿童和１６１名一般儿童的家庭 资料对认知发展、学习以机的影响。表明：学习不良儿童的家庭资源、学习动机和认知发展之间存在着因果关系,家族资源通过两种途径对认知发展发生作用,一是通过影响学习动机促进信知发展二是直接对认知发展发生作用。     

Different Brain Wave Patterns and Cortical Control Abilities in Relation to Different Creative Potentials

Contemporary understanding of brain functions provides a way to probe into the mystery of creativity. However, the prior evidence regarding the relationship between creativity and brain wave patterns reveals inconsistent conclusions. One possible reason might be that the means of selecting creative individuals in the past has varied in each study. By distinguishing creative potential as open-ended versus closed-ended based on theoretical views, this study examined different brain wave patterns and cortical control abilities in relation to different creative potentials by using electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback equipment. The results demonstrated that participants’ performance on the open-ended creative problem was positively related to EEG alpha frequencies, whereas performance on the closed-ended creative problem was related to larger variability in EEG dynamics between alpha and beta waves when performing either open-ended or closed-ended creativity tasks. Further, better control in changing states of brain wave activities according to the EEG biofeedback signals could predict closed-ended creativity performance. Open-ended creativity was related only to the enhancement of alpha signals. These results help clarify previous inconsistent findings, reveal different natures of distinct creativities, and further suggest ways to improve different aspects of creativity with modified biofeedback procedures.     

Whose fault is it anyway: How do parents respond to their child’s setbacks?

We documented what parents report as the cause of their child’s academic and conduct setbacks and what they say they do in response. We recruited an opportunity sample of 479 parents and narrowed our sample to parents of children without disabilities between the ages of 5–18 (N = 312). Parents responded to open-ended questions, and we coded responses into categories of disciplinary tactics and types of attributions. Parents who reported experience with child setbacks significantly differed from parents who did not report such experience on several outcome variables. Parents did not exhibit hedonic biasing such that most reported causes of setbacks were controllable by the child; reported controllable causes correlated with the reported use of punishment. Our findings suggest that parental behavior change efforts must also address parents’ attributions, or verbal explanations, of causes of events. We discuss implications of our findings for child and parent researchers, educators, and practitioners.     

Do Prosecutors Use Interview Instructions or Build Rapport with Child Witnesses?

This study examined the quality of interview instructions and rapport-building provided by prosecutors to 168 children aged 5–12 years testifying in child sexual abuse cases, preceding explicit questions about abuse allegations. Prosecutors failed to effectively administer key interview instructions, build rapport, or rely on open-ended narrative producing prompts during this early stage of questioning. Moreover, prosecutors often directed children's attention to the defendant early in the testimony. The productivity of different types of wh- questions varied, with what/how questions focusing on actions being particularly productive. The lack of instructions, poor quality rapport-building, and closed-ended questioning suggest that children may not be adequately prepared during trial to provide lengthy and reliable reports to their full ability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小学儿童程序公平认知及其归因取向的发展

为了探讨小学儿童的程序公平认知以及不同程序信息下程序公平认知归因取向的发展特点,研究采用自编的程序公平认知情境故事材料,对150名小学1、3、5年级儿童进行测查。结果表明：小学儿童的程序公平认知能力随年级增长而提高,在有投票权且同等和有投票权但不等下的程序公平认知得分显著高于在无投票权下,在消极结果信息下的程序公平认知得分显著高于在积极结果信息下,且年级、程序信息、结果信息两两之间和三者之间均存在显著交互作用。随年级增长,小学儿童的程序公平认知归因在结果取向和权威取向上不断减少,在过程取向上不断增多,在能力取向上则是上升到3年级之后又逐渐减少。研究说明小学儿童的程序公平认知能力随年龄增长而发展,并受程序信息和结果信息的影响;小学儿童的程序公平认知归因随年龄增长越来越倾向于过程取向。     

I Feel Your Pain: Embodied Knowledges and Situated Neurons

The widely touted discovery of mirror neurons has generated intense scientific interest in the neurobiology of intersubjectivity. Social neuroscientists have claimed that mirror neurons, located in brain regions associated with motor action, facial recognition, and somatosensory processing, allow us to automatically grasp other people's intentions and emotions. Despite controversies, mirror neuron research is animating materialist, affective, and embodied accounts of intersubjectivity. My view is that mirror neurons raise issues that are directly relevant to feminism and cultural studies, but interventions are needed for the work to be compatible with nonreductionist critical thought. In this article I critique the dominant neuroscientific account of mirror neurons, called embodied simulation theory. I draw from feminist epistemologies as well as alternative interpretations of mirror neurons in cognitive science and philosophy of mind to consider mirroring as situated, embodied perception.     

Why do People Disagree? Explaining and Endorsing the Possibility of Partiality in Judgments

The current study examines developing changes in children's intuitions about why disagreements about decisions might occur, focusing on what children understand about partiality and how it may vary depending on the context. Eighty children ages 6 to 13 years old and 20 adults were presented with stories in which there was a disagreement with the judge about who the winner of a contest should be. Participants were asked to generate their own explanations for why the disagreement may have occurred and to evaluate the plausibility of different explanations provided by the experimenter. Even 6-year-olds generated and endorsed partiality as a possible explanation for disagreement, although they did so at a lower rate than older children. A richer understanding of how context influences both the reasons for disagreement and the likelihood of partiality seems to develop over childhood.     

学前儿童对疾病的认知

通过三个研究分别探查了教育条件不同的两组学前儿童能否以疾病这一生命现象为指标做出生物和非生物的本体区分;他们是否理解疾病的产生和康复不受心理意图控制;以及他们对疾病原因的认识。结果显示,3、4、5岁学前儿童在分类作业中的认知成绩随年龄逐渐提高,他们能够认识疾病不受意图控制。其对疾病原因的解释既不用意图也不用道德准则,而主要是从行为水平,表现出“朴素生物学”的认知,但其认知与成人的认知和科学的生物学概念有明显差距。教育条件影响儿童的疾病认知成绩     

Variation in the anthropomorphization of supernatural beings and its implications for cognitive theories of religion

The cognitive study of religion has been highly influenced by P. Boyer's (2001, 2003) claim that supernatural beings are conceptualized as persons with counterintuitive properties. The present study tests the generality of this claim by exploring how different supernatural beings are conceptualized by the same individual and how different individuals conceptualize the same supernatural beings. In Experiment 1, college undergraduates decided whether three types of human properties (psychological, biological, physical) could or could not be attributed to two types of supernatural beings (religious, fictional). On average, participants attributed more human properties to fictional beings, like fairies and vampires, than to religious beings, like God and Satan, and they attributed more psychological properties than nonpsychological properties to both. In Experiment 2, 5-year-old children and their parents made both open-ended and closed-ended property attributions. Although both groups of participants attributed a majority of human properties to the fictional beings, children attributed a majority of human properties to the religious beings as well. Taken together, these findings suggest that anthropomorphic theories of supernatural-being concepts, though fully predictive of children's concepts, are only partially predictive of adults' concepts.     

Acculturation,Economic Stress,Social Relationships and School Satisfaction Among Migrant Children in Urban China

Rural to urban migration has become a prominent phenomenon in China. In linking migration to children’s school trajectories, this mixed-methods study explored a range of cultural and contextual factors that contribute to Chinese children’s school wellbeing in the migratory process. The key variables included acculturative attitudes, economic stress, and relationships with family, teachers and peers. The study drew upon survey data from a sample of 301 Chinese migrant students (4th–9th grade) together with in-depth interviews involving ten selected students focusing on how migrant children’s school happiness and productivity are influenced by acculturation, economic hardship, and social relationships. The quantitative analysis indicated the critical role of integrative states in promoting school satisfaction and achievement. Migrant children with better social relations scored higher levels of hope, which in turn contributed to better school outcomes. Contrary to previous findings, economic stress did not hinder school outcomes for these Chinese migrant children, but appeared to act as a positive motivational factor for pursing academic success. The qualitative analysis echoed the quantitative findings, and provided further explanations for the complexity and particularity of these phenomena.     

语音记忆和中央执行功能在不同年级儿童解码和语言理解中的作用

选取256名三~六年级儿童, 采用相关分析、结构方程模型等方法考察了语音记忆和中央执行功能在不同年级儿童的解码和语言理解中的作用。结果显示, 在低年级阶段, 语音记忆和刷新对解码存在显著预测作用, 转换和刷新对语言理解存在显著预测作用; 在高年级阶段, 只有刷新对解码保持着稳定的预测作用。这表明, 语音记忆和中央执行功能对儿童的解码和语言理解存在不同的影响, 并且这种影响会随着年级的增长发生变化。