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1.
We assessed implicit needs for power, achievement, and affiliation in 323 U.S. college students using a Picture Story Exercise (PSE; McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989) consisting of 6 picture cues and Winter's (1994) content coding system. Picture cues differed markedly in the amount of motive imagery they elicited and picture motive profiles closely resembled those reported by Schultheiss and Brunstein (2001) for a German student sample. Picture position influenced the expression of power and affiliation motivation, with affiliation motivation being most strongly expressed at the beginning and power motivation being most strongly expressed in the middle of the PSE. Women had higher affiliation motive scores than men. Asian Americans had higher affiliation motive scores than Whites, and African Americans had higher levels of achievement motivation than Asian Americans or Whites. PSE motive measures showed little or no overlap with questionnaire measures of impulsivity and anxiety (Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Activation System scales; Carver & White, 1994) or specific motivational orientations (Personality Research Form; Jackson, 1984). Comparisons with Schultheiss and Brunstein's (2001) German sample indicate that U.S. students have higher achievement motivation and lower power motivation and activity inhibition scores than German students. 相似文献
2.
This study investigates explicit –implicit motive discrepancies and their effect on well-being. Participants were 382 executive
managers (107 females and 275 males). Female managers had higher explicit affiliation scores than males, whereas male managers
had marginally significant higher explicit power scores than females. Males and females did not differ in their implicit motives.
We expected a directional discrepancy on the power motive (explicit vs. implicit: “Striving for goals without gaining pleasure from doing so”) to predict impaired well-being. Results
were consistent with this hypothesis, using polynomial regression analysis with response surface methods, instead of calculating
motive difference scores. Discrepancies in the achievement and affiliation motives were not related to well-being. Results
are discussed considering the specificity of motive discrepancies for selected groups, such as managers, and the importance
of distinguishing between absolute versus directional motive discrepancy scores in motivation research. 相似文献
3.
Research on age differences in implicit motives is rare and has shown contradictory results. We investigated age and gender differences in implicit motives (achievement, power, affiliation and intimacy), measured by the Picture Story Exercise (PSE), in an extensive, heterogeneous dyadic sample of 736 adults aged 20–80 years. Data were analyzed with a multilevel approach. Results indicate lower motive scores in all four measured motives in aged as compared to young adults but higher scores in activity inhibition. Further, women scored higher in affiliation and intimacy motives than men, while men scored higher in achievement and power motives and in activity inhibition than women. Possible underlying affective and neuroendocrinological processes of age dependent change in implicit motives are discussed. 相似文献
4.
The Role of Postformal Cognitive Development in Death Acceptance 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jennifer Gavin Jennings M. Paz Galupo Kelly B. Cartwright 《Journal of Adult Development》2009,16(3):166-172
This research is the first to test the relation between postformal complex thought (PFT) and death acceptance. College students
(N = 225) completed the PFT questionnaire (Cartwright et al., J Adult Dev, 2009), the Need for Cognition scale (Cacioppo et al., J Personality Assess 48:3, 1984), and Klug’s Death Acceptance Scale, comprised of death integration and confrontation scales (Klug and Sinha, Omega 18:229–235,
1987). A series of hierarchical regression analyses showed PFT made a significant contribution to death acceptance over the contributions
of other cognitive and demographic variables, as predicted. Further, PFT made a significant contribution to death integration
but not to death confrontation. These results are consistent with contemporary theories of adult cognitive development and
PFT. 相似文献
5.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting subscores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional
item response theory (MIRT) models (e.g., Reckase in Appl. Psychol. Meas. 21:25–36, 1997; C.R. Rao and S. Sinharay (Eds), Handbook of Statistics, vol. 26, pp. 607–642, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2007; Beguin & Glas in Psychometrika, 66:471–488, 2001). A MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton–Raphson algorithm (Haberman in The Analysis of Frequency Data, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974; Sociol. Methodol. 18:193–211, 1988) with adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee in ETS Research Rep. No. RR-08-45, ETS, Princeton, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (i) the
total score or (ii) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman in J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:204–229, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan in Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 62:79–95, 2008). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT
are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory. 相似文献
6.
The present study hypothesized that unfulfilled basic needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness (SDT, Deci and Ryan,
Psychol Inq 11:227–268, 2000) are associated with the impulse to eat and with binge eating. In addition, we assumed that individuals with a high achievement
motive, who are characterized by high self-control competences, have the same impulse to eat when confronted with unfulfilled
basic needs, but are better able to control the impulse to binge eat than individuals with a low achievement motive. In accordance
with these hypotheses, unfulfilled basic needs significantly positively predicted the impulse to eat as well as binge eating
behavior. As also expected, the achievement motive did not moderate the effect of unfulfilled needs on the impulse to eat,
but did influence the effect of unfulfilled needs on binge eating. The results are discussed in terms of a broader debate
about the interaction between basic needs and implicit motives. 相似文献
7.
The present four-wave longitudinal study, conducted in Finland, investigated the extent to which life satisfaction changed
among adolescents during the transition from comprehensive school to an academic or a vocational track. The participants were
15-year-old adolescents (Time 1: N = 687, Time 2: N = 642, Time 3: N = 818, Time 4: N = 749) who filled in the Diener et al. (J Pers Assess 49: 71–75, 1985). Satisfaction With Life Scale twice during their final term of comprehensive school and twice after the transition either
to upper secondary or vocational education. At comprehensive school they reported their academic achievement, expected educational
track, educational aspirations, self-esteem, and background information, while at the last measurement point they reported
their school engagement and attained educational track. Latent Growth Modeling showed, first, that life satisfaction increased
during the educational transition. Second, the higher the adolescents’ academic achievement and self-esteem, the higher the
level of their life satisfaction during the transition. Third, among girls, the lower their self-esteem, the more their life
satisfaction increased during the educational transition. Fourth, among both boys and girls, a high level of life satisfaction
during the transition predicted academic track and school engagement at the last measurement point. Finally, among girls,
an increase in life satisfaction during the transition predicted school engagement and an academic track. The results support
the stage-environment fit theory according to which the nature of the educational environment is more important than the transition
per se for changes in adolescents’ life satisfaction (see Eccles and Midgley in Research on motivation in education. Academic
Press, New York, pp. 139–186, 1989). 相似文献
8.
Melissa K. Runyon Robert A. Steer Esther Deblinger 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(2):129-136
The Beck Self-Concept Inventory for Youth (BYI-S; Beck et al. in Manual for the Beck Youth Inventories of Emotional and Social
Impairment, 2001) was administered to 100 adolescents (12–17 years old) who experienced sexual abuse. An iterated principal-factor analysis
found that the BYI-S represented two highly correlated (r = .53) factors corresponding to the Self-Esteem and Competency dimensions that Steer, Kumar, Beck, and Beck (J Psychopathol Behav Assess 27:123–131, 2005) found with child psychiatric outpatients. Item analyses were used to derive two six-item subscales measuring Self-Esteem
and Competency that had coefficient αs > .80. The Self-Concept total and subscale scores were differentially correlated with various psychosocial characteristics
of the youth. Low Self-Esteem scores were associated with total number of posttraumatic symptoms and self-reported anger,
whereas low Competency scores were related to externalizing behavior problems. The BYI-S was discussed as being a useful instrument
for assessing the self-concepts of youth who have experienced sexual abuse. 相似文献
9.
ABSTRACT Studies show that motive–goal congruence is an important predictor of well-being ( Baumann, Kaschel, & Kuhl, 2005; Brunstein, Schultheiss, & Grässmann, 1998 ). However, little is known about the factors that promote congruence between implicit motives and goals. Relying on McClelland's (1985) concept of implicit motives and the theory of fantasy realization ( Oettingen, 1999 ), we postulated that goal fantasies focusing on motive-specific affective incentives promote motive-congruent goal setting. This hypothesis was tested in 3 experimental studies. In Study 1 ( n =46) and Study 2 ( n =48), participants were asked to select goals in a hypothetical scenario. In Study 3 ( n =179), they rated their commitment to personal goals for their actual life situation. The results of all 3 studies supported our hypothesis that participants who focus on motive-specific affective incentives in their goal fantasies set their goals in line with their corresponding implicit motive dispositions. 相似文献
10.
Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ideology is a potent motivational force; human beings are capable of committing atrocities (as well as acts of generosity
and courage) and sacrificing even their own lives for the sake of abstract belief systems. In this article, we summarize the
major tenets of a model of political ideology as motivated social cognition (Jost et al. in Psychol Bull 129:339–375, 2003a, Psychol Bull 129:389–393, 2003b, Person Soc Psychol Bull 33:989–1007, 2007), focusing on epistemic, existential, and relational motives and their implications for left-right (or liberal-conservative)
political orientation. We review behavioral evidence indicating that chronically and temporarily activated needs to reduce
uncertainty, ambiguity, threat, and disgust are positively associated with conservatism (or negatively associated with liberalism).
Studies from neuroscience and genetics suggest that right- (vs. left-) wing orientation is associated with greater neural
sensitivity to threat and larger amygdala volume, as well as less sensitivity to response conflict and smaller anterior cingulate
volume. These findings and others provide converging evidence for Jost and colleagues’ model of ideology as motivated social
cognition and, more broadly, reflect the utility of an integrative political neuroscience approach to understanding the basic cognitive, neural, and motivational processes that give rise to ideological activity. 相似文献
11.
Mindfulness as a moderator of the effect of implicit motivational self-concept on day-to-day behavioral motivation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Drawing from theories regarding the role of awareness in behavioral self-regulation, this research was designed to examine
the role of mindfulness as a moderator between implicit motivation and the motivation for day-to-day behavior. We hypothesized
that dispositional mindfulness (Brown and Ryan, J Pers Soc Psychol, 84, 822–848, 2003) would act to modify the expression of implicit autonomy orientation in daily behavioral motivation. Using the Implicit Association
Test (Greenwald et al. J Pers Soc Psychol, 74, 1464–1480, 1998), Study 1 provided evidence for the reliability and validity of a new measure of implicit autonomy orientation. Using an
experience-sampling strategy, Study 2 showed the hypothesized moderating effect, such that implicit autonomy orientation predicted
day-to-day motivation only for those lower in dispositional mindfulness. Those higher in mindfulness showed more autonomously
motivated behavior regardless of implicit orientation toward autonomy or heteronomy. It also showed that this moderating effect
of awareness was specific to mindfulness and was primarily manifest in spontaneous behavior. Discussion focuses on the implications
of these findings for dual process theory and research.
相似文献
Chantal LevesqueEmail: |
12.
Easterners tend to process information more holistically than Westerners. Kim and Markman (J Exp Soc Psychol 42(3):350–364,
2006) suggest that these differences are rooted in higher chronic levels of Fear of Isolation (FOI) for those cultures that process
information more holistically. The goal of this study was to determine if these differences and their suggested cause could
be found with two different Western cultures. Testing Italian (IT) and US American (US) adults, we found that IT participants
processed information more holistically and had a higher chronic level of FOI than US participants; furthermore, the manipulation
of FOI affected context sensitivity more for IT than for US participants. The results demonstrate that IT participants were
more similar to previous research with Eastern populations than with Western populations (Kim and Markman in J Exp Soc Psychol
42(3):350–364, 2006) and indicate a within-Western culture difference for reasoning styles and support the hypothesis that this difference is
due to different chronic levels of FOI. 相似文献
13.
《Psychology of sport and exercise》2014,15(6):588-595
ObjectivesThe present study investigated the predictive value of the explicit and implicit affiliation motive for social behavior in sport competitions. From an information processing perspective, an explicit motive is linked to verbal cues and respondent behavior. The implicit motive in turn is linked to nonverbal stimuli and operant behavior (McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989; Schultheiss, 2008). Both respondent affiliative behavior (e.g., verbal interactions with teammates) and operant nonverbal social behavior (e.g., pleasant to opponents) can be observed in racquet sports team competitions.Design & MethodsFifty-two male racquet sportsmen completed the Personality Research Form (explicit affiliation motive) and the Operant Motive Test (implicit affiliation motive). Motive measures were used to predict social behavior during competitions using multiple regression analyses. To this aim real competitive matches were videotaped and analyzed.ResultsResults show that the explicit affiliation motive is associated with time spent in verbal team contact. The implicit affiliation motive, by contrast, is linked to pleasant nonverbal behavior shown toward opponents.ConclusionsFindings suggest that implicit and explicit affiliation motives predict different kinds of social behavior in sports competition respectively. Indirect motive measures may be of additional predictive value for different behavior in real sports settings. 相似文献
14.
Item replenishing is essential for item bank maintenance in cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing (CD-CAT). In
regular CAT, online calibration is commonly used to calibrate the new items continuously. However, until now no reference
has publicly become available about online calibration for CD-CAT. Thus, this study investigates the possibility to extend
some current strategies used in CAT to CD-CAT. Three representative online calibration methods were investigated: Method A
(Stocking in Scale drift in on-line calibration. Research Rep. 88-28, 1988), marginal maximum likelihood estimate with one EM cycle (OEM) (Wainer & Mislevy In H. Wainer (ed.) Computerized adaptive
testing: A primer, pp. 65–102, 1990) and marginal maximum likelihood estimate with multiple EM cycles (MEM) (Ban, Hanson, Wang, Yi, & Harris in J. Educ. Meas.
38:191–212, 2001). The objective of the current paper is to generalize these methods to the CD-CAT context under certain theoretical justifications,
and the new methods are denoted as CD-Method A, CD-OEM and CD-MEM, respectively. Simulation studies are conducted to compare
the performance of the three methods in terms of item-parameter recovery, and the results show that all three methods are
able to recover item parameters accurately and CD-Method A performs best when the items have smaller slipping and guessing
parameters. This research is a starting point of introducing online calibration in CD-CAT, and further studies are proposed
for investigations such as different sample sizes, cognitive diagnostic models, and attribute-hierarchical structures. 相似文献
15.
The present study examined the associations of implicit and explicit power motives with the well-being of teachers. Teachers (N = 170) participated in an online assessment, which included measures for implicit motives (assessed by the operant motive test), explicit motives, and well-being. We expected congruently high power motives to be linked with the highest levels of well-being. We tested this assumption using polynomial regressions with response surface analysis. Results were consistent with our hypothesis. Additionally, there was an effect of directional motive incongruence (a combination of a low implicit and a high explicit power motive was associated with higher well-being than a high implicit/low explicit combination), which did not hold when controlling for emotional stability. Results for achievement were comparable, but weaker, and there was no effect for motive incongruence. No significant associations were found for motive (in)congruence in the affiliation domain. Our findings underline the importance of the power motive in understanding individual differences in teachers’ well-being. 相似文献
16.
Jon C. Carr Brian T. Gregory Stanley G. Harris 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(4):583-592
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore procedural justice as a boundary condition of work status congruence’s (WSC) relationships with organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). WSC is defined as the degree to which an employee’s schedule, shift, full-time or part-time status, and number of working hours, match his or her preferences (Holtom et al. in J Appl Psychol 86:80–93, 2002). This exploration is grounded in the outcome favorability–procedural justice interaction literature (e.g., Brockner in Acad Manag Rev 27:58–76, 2002). 相似文献17.
Anna Piela 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(3):249-265
In this article, I address piety as a concept shaping Muslim women’s online discussions about gender roles, marriage and professional
careers. I also investigate cross-cultural religious encounters in these women-only groups as I am interested in the potential
of such online environments to facilitate women’s religious reflection and intellectual engagement. Finally, I explore motivations
and religious interpretations of three categories of participants in these discussions: egalitarians, for whom gender equality
is a necessary component of piety (Barlas 2006); traditionalists, identified by other authors as Islamists (Karam 1998) or social conservatives (Gül and Gül 48:1–26, 2000; Mahmood 2005) and finally, holists, a group that cannot be mapped out on the political landscape by using the progressive–conservative
binary (Badran, Agenda 50:41–57, 2001) and which exists and acts outside of it, neither subverting nor enacting norms of any dominant system, be it secular–liberal
or patriarchal. Following Mahmood’s argument that formulating an analysis based exclusively on such a binary is simplistic
(Mahmood 2005), I argue that actions of holists can be only addressed by formulating a set of questions different to those used to analyse
self-defined egalitarians or traditionalists. 相似文献
18.
Julia Schüler Veronika Job Stephanie M. Fröhlich Veronika Brandstätter 《Motivation and emotion》2008,32(3):231-242
Satisfaction of the implicit affiliation motive is known to be positively related to emotional well-being, whereas the frustration
of the implicit affiliation motive leads to impairment of well-being. In the present research we specified two conditions
that are responsible for the satisfaction and frustration of the implicit motive. Referring to research on the congruence
of implicit and explicit motives, we assumed that a corresponding explicit affiliation motive leads to satisfaction of the
implicit motive. Corresponding affiliation behavior constitutes the second condition. Three studies confirmed the hypothesis
that both conditions must be fulfilled in order to positively connect the implicit affiliation motive to emotional well-being.
Participants with high implicit and explicit affiliation motives and who additionally showed a large amount of affiliation
behavior reported the lowest negative affectivity and the highest life satisfaction compared to participants who lacked one
of the conditions.
相似文献
Julia SchülerEmail: |
19.
Research indicates that parents and other family members often grieve their child or relative’s mental illness. This grief
appears resultant from a profound sense of loss, which has been described as complicated and nonfinite (e.g., Atkinson in
Am J Psychiatry 151(8):1137–1139, 1994; Davis and Schultz in Soc Sci Med 46(3):369–379, 1998; Jones in Br J Soc Work 34:961–979, 2004; MacGregor in Soc Work 39(2):160–166, 1994; Osborne and Coyle in Couns Psychol Q 15(4):307–323, 2002; Ozgul in Aust N Z J Fam Ther 25(4):183–187, 2004; Tuck et al. in Arch Psychiatric Nurs 11(3):118–125, 1997). This paper reviews existent research in this emerging field, with a focus on parents’ grief experience in relation to their
adult child’s mental disorder. Studies that explore parents’ and family members’ grief, using both qualitative and quantitative
methodologies, are considered. Research evidence for the association between parents’ and family members’ grief and other
outcomes are discussed. Findings concerning the prediction of grief in parents and family members who have a child or relative
with a mental disorder will be reviewed. Finally, this paper considers methodological and theoretical issues associated with
existent research and presents options for further study. 相似文献
20.
The Pictorial Attitude Implicit Association Test (PA‐IAT) has recently been proposed as new measure of implicit motives. We report a study that provides the first evidence for the convergent validity of the PA‐IAT by showing that the PA‐IAT correlates significantly with a standard measure of implicit motives [i.e. the Picture Story Exercise (PSE)]. Discriminant validity of the PA‐IAT was verified in the sense that the PA‐IAT shared virtually no common variance with explicit motive measures. Our analyses revealed that the PA‐IAT and PSE can best be conceived as related but distinct measures. We further showed that the PA‐IAT had incremental validity in predicting performance on a memory recall task over and above the PSE. In general, our results confirm that the PA‐IAT is a valid measure of implicit motives and can serve as valid alternative to the PSE. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献