创造性思维能力高、低大学生特性负启动效应的实验研究

本研究采用问卷法筛选出创造性思维能力高、低大学生作为被试,利用负启动实验范式考察两组大学生特性负启动效应的异同,探讨汉字特性负启动效应与创造性思维的关系。结果发现：低创造性思维能力组大学生具有显著的特性负启动效应,而高创造性思维能力组大学生则没有产生明显的特性负启动效应。     

不同难度刺激材料的汉字特性负启动效应研究

负启动的研究是考察选择性注意中抑制机制的基本实验范式。本研究选取不同难度的刺激材料,使用经典的负启动实验范式,分别从增加目标选择难度和干扰项个数两个方面考察了大学生被试的汉字特性负启动效应。结果发现：在目标和干扰项互为形似字以及多个干扰项的情况下,被试的特性负启动效应均消失。此结果为注意的资源分配理论提供了进一步的证据。     

启动刺激模糊对单一探测条件下负启动的影响

以汉语单字词为材料,使用单一启动与单一探测范式,探查清楚和模糊启动汉字在呈现时间比较短暂时,能否发生负启动.结果显示,不论单一启动汉字是清楚还是模糊,也不论启动刺激的呈现时间长还是短,均未发生负启动效应.提示,启动刺激本身变模糊,即使呈现时间短暂依然能够自动微弱地激活大脑中与该词有关的表征,若不能阻止这种微弱激活的扩散也不能发生单一启动与单一探测范式下的负启动.这个结果在一定程度上扩展了Collins和Loftus(1975)所提出的激活扩散理论,也提示,启动词的激活水平和注意的抑制机制对单一启动与单一探测范式中负启动的发生同样重要.     

类皮亚杰数量守恒任务中的负启动效应

采用负启动研究范式,考察九岁儿童在类皮亚杰数量守恒任务中的负启动效应。实验一重复了Houdé等人的实验过程,发现我国儿童在解决类皮亚杰数量守恒任务中也存在负启动效应,负启动量为310.9ms;实验二改进了Houdé等人研究的实验材料,排除实验材料形状的干扰,发现依然存在负启动效应,负启动量为200.04ms。实验结果表明,成功完成类皮亚杰数量守恒任务需要认知抑制过程的参与。     

不同控制水平下的汉字语义加工

字词语义的加工是否受其它加工过程或操纵手段的控制一直是自动化研究的热点,以往针对英文字词的研究结果不尽一致。本研究以在该类研究中比英文单词更具优越性的汉字为材料,采用部件搜索任务,通过操纵控制水平的强弱探讨汉字的语义加工是否受控制这一问题。实验一考察汉字的语义是否受浅水平加工和无意识操纵的控制（低控制水平）;实验二探讨增强了的控制水平是否能够控制语义的加工。结果在实验一中发现了语义负启动效应;实验二出现了正启动和负启动效应。该结果表明,控制机制并不能阻止汉字语义加工本身的发生,仅能对已经产生激活的语义进行调控,提示汉字的语义加工是不可控的。     

归类任务中负启动效应与分心物特性抑制的实验研究

以汉语单字词为材料,采用负启动技术,在归类任务中考察了作为负启动效应根源的扩散抑制是否遵循资源有限机制以及在要求操作反应的情况下是否也能获得来自分心物特性抑制的负启动效应。结果表明：１．被试对曾在启动显示中作为分心物的探测目标的反应时随着启动显示中分心物数目的增加而缩短。因此,扩散抑制遵循资源有限机制;２．在操作反应要求下能获得非常显著的来自分心物特性抑制的负启动效应。     

负相容效应中启动项-目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响

采用掩蔽启动范式考察了负相容效应中启动项与目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响,以及是否存在语义水平的负相容效应.两个实验分别以双箭头和汉字为掩蔽启动项,考察启动项和目标项重复、加工水平相同及加工水平不同三种条件下的启动效应.结果发现,两个实验的重复及加工水平相同条件下都出现负相容效应,且重复条件下启动量最大,加工水平不同条件下则无启动.这表明:(1)启动项与目标项的知觉重复影响启动量,但不是负相容效应的必要条件,只有当启动项和目标项加工水平相同时,才出现负相容效应;(2)存在语义水平上的负相容效应,阈下语义信息可得到加工并表现为对后继同类反应的抑制.     

任务设置影响负相容效应的机制——自上而下认知控制对阈下启动信息加工的影响

结合掩蔽启动范式和Go-Nogo范式,考察了任务设置影响负相容效应的机制。实验中以指向左或右的双箭头为掩蔽启动项,在两个Block中的Go试次中分别以箭头和汉字为目标项,要求被试对箭头或汉字做辨别反应,Nogo试次中不呈现目标项,被试无需反应。结果发现:Go试次中,只有在箭头任务设置下才出现负相容效应,脑电结果表现为一致条件下P3潜伏期显著长于不一致条件;Nogo试次中,箭头任务设置下的P3波幅显著大于汉字任务设置下的P3波幅。说明负相容效应受到任务设置这种自上而下认知控制过程的影响,且这种影响发生在阈下启动信息加工阶段。支持注意敏化模型,提示可以在更普遍的角度上理解负相容效应。     

无掩蔽启动范式下负相容效应的时间进程

已有研究采用掩蔽启动范式证明了负相容效应的存在,但目前对于负相容效应的产生是否依赖于掩蔽刺激还存在激烈的争议。实验共32名大学生被试,采用12个选自汉语情感词语系统的汉字词语为材料,在显示屏刷新率为70HZ的无掩蔽启动范式下操纵启动与目标的时间间隔,让被试对目标词语的效价做出按键反应,记录被试对目标的反应时和错误率。本研究试图基于该时间进程下负相容效应发生的关键点来研究上述争议。结果发现：（1）无掩蔽范式下也存在负相容效应;（2）刺激呈现方式不同相容效应也不同。这表明负相容效应的产生并不依赖于掩蔽的呈现,且刺激的呈现方式对该效应有重要影响。     

整字、部件与笔画对笔画构成汉字的影响

该研究采用笔画构成汉字的实验范式,利用整字、部件、笔画作为启动材料考查了笔画构成汉字过程中整体与部分之间的关系。实验中要求被试用给出的笔画组（四划或五划）构成汉字,并且判断笔画组是否能够构成一个真实的汉字。结果发现整字在笔画构成汉字的实验过程中起到最为关键的作用。其次是笔画存在着明显的启动效应,部件的启动效应最弱。结论：在笔画构成汉字的过程中,主要以整字加工为主,笔画加工也起到了重要作用。     

对选择注意中负启动效应的研究

以数字命名作业为任务对选择注意中的负启动效应作了探讨,发现在强调反应正确性时,有负启动效应产生;若强调反应速度,则表现出正启动效应。干扰项的活动状态是启动效应性质的决定因素。研究结果还验证了扩散抑制及其扇形效应的构想,并支持注意后期选择理论。     

抑制能力与工作记忆能量的相关研究

采用汉字材料的负启动范式,考察了大学生和老年人被试的特性和空间位置抑制能力,及其与工作记忆能量的相关。结果发现：位置抑制能力与工作记忆能量无显著相关,而特性抑制能力与工作记忆能量存在正相关。说明个体的分心抑制能力是影响其工作记忆能量的重要因素。但工作记忆的年龄差异可能还受分心抑制之外其它认知因素的影响。     

选择性注意的两种负启动效应研究回顾及比较

通过比较特性负启动和位置负启动两种实验范式．对选择性注意的负启动研究进行回顾与总结：从研究方法、行为及脑成像结果等方面对特性和位置负启动研究进行比较分析;简要介绍负启动机制,并从客体与空间选择性注意的分离、视觉加工神经通道和工作记忆等方面对特性和位置负启动异同的原因进行初步探讨。对特性和位置负启动及其脑机制的差异研究将有利于对负启动效应及其机制的进一步考察．并指出负启动范式在分心抑制等研究方向具有广泛的应用前景。     

Does negative priming reflect inhibitory mechanisms? A review and integration of conflicting views

Negative priming has traditionally been viewed as a reflection of an inhibitory mechanism of attention. However, recent accounts have suggested that negative priming does not reflect inhibitory mechanisms. Rather, slowed reaction times on negative priming trials are either due to retrieval of incompatible response tags or of mismatching perceptual information, or due to extra processes needed to distinguish past from present information. In contrast, it is proposed that there is no firm evidence to discount inhibition models. In fact, although retrieval processes can be implicated in negative priming effects, understanding of these requires consideration of the inhibitory processes involved in selecting information for goal-directed behaviour.     

On the difference between response inhibition and negative priming: Evidence from simple and selective stopping

Negative priming is a commonly observed after-effect in studies concerning inhibition. Effects of the preceding trial are also found in other paradigms, like the stop signal paradigm. In the present study, stop signals were introduced in a negative priming paradigm and the relation between stop signal inhibition and negative priming was investigated. In Experiment 1, we used a simple stop signal task. Stopping data clearly suggest that stopping performance was not influenced by negative priming. Interestingly, on no-signal probes the negative priming effect disappeared after successful inhibition of the response on the prime trial. On the contrary, when inhibition failed, the negative priming effect remained. In Experiment 2, we used the selective stop signal task. As in Experiment 1, inhibition of motor responses was not influenced by negative priming. The hypothesis that negative priming disappeared due to a general nonspecific stop was confirmed in this experiment, as a negative priming effect was found after both successful and unsuccessful behavioral inhibition. The results of both experiments show that response inhibition is not influenced by negative priming, and that negative priming is only affected after a successful general stop.     

Location negative priming in identity discrimination relies on location repetition

Negative priming manifests when a previously ignored stimulus becomes a target. The contingency of identity negative priming on repeated stimuli has been demonstrated, implying a crucial role for distractor competition. In this study, a naming task was used to examine whether location negative priming also relies on the repetition of locations. In Experiment 1, location negative priming was observed only when a small set of repeated locations was used. Positive priming was found instead when a large set of nonrepeated locations was used. Experiment 2 demonstrated that target-to-distractor distance modulated location priming effects, with priming effects observed only for a far distance. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the effect of location negative priming increased as locations repeated. Like identity negative priming, location negative priming depends on location repetition.     

The Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Positive and Negative Priming in Identity and Spatial Priming Tasks

The authors examined whether stimulus activation and inhibition in the identity priming task are related to the temporal lobe, and whether these processes in the spatial priming task are related to the parietal lobe. Forty participants performed spatial and identity positive and negative priming tasks, the Vandenberg Mental Rotation task, and the Digit Span task. Both men and women showed significant positive and negative priming in the identity and spatial tasks with no gender difference. The magnitude of identity positive priming was predicted by the Digit Span task, and the magnitude of spatial positive priming was predicted by the mental rotation task. Only women showed a correlation between spatial ability and spatial negative priming. The results are partially consistent with the dorsal-ventral model of cognitive inhibition.