试论镜花水月在佛教中的象征意义

作为佛教的代表性意象,镜花水月共同象征着中国佛教以人生为空幻的主题,它们的象征意义有相似相近之处,也有其各自独立独特的意义蕴含:佛教镜意象主要喻指人生空幻不实,佛教莲花意象主要喻指佛性清净无染,佛教水意象主要喻指生死流转,佛教月意象则主要喻指自性圆满.镜、花、水、月共同展现出佛教复杂而独特的思想文化意义 .     

Acknowledging the Archetypal Elements of Grief

The universality of grief as a soul-aching experience within the human condition is evident in even the oldest recorded stories and myths around the world. Theories and scientific studies in the past few decades have attempted to understand the phenomenon of grief, forming a significant body of research and a myriad of ideas and guidelines for the grieving process. Acknowledgment and appreciation of the archetypal elements of grief broadens our understanding of the painful emotions that arise as part of a natural reaction in the aftermath of loss and can assist helping professionals to make wise choices for therapeutic interventions in clinical practice.     

Archetypal Forms of Inference

A form (or pattern) of inference, let us say, explicitlysubsumes just such particular inferences as are instances of the form, and implicitly subsumes thoseinferences with a premiss and conclusion logically equivalent to the premiss and conclusion of an instanceof the form in question. (For simplicity we restrict attention to one-premiss inferences.) A form ofinference is archetypal if it implicitly subsumes every correct inference. A precise definition (Section 1)of these concepts relativizes them to logics, since different logics classify different inferences ascorrect, as well as ruling differently on the matter of logical equivalence which entered into the definitionof implicit subsumption. When relativized to classical propositional logic, we find (Section 2) thatall but a handful of `degenerate' inference forms turn out to be archetypal, whereas matters are verydifferent in this respect for the case of intuitionistic propositional logic (Sections 3 and 4), and an interestingstructure emerges in this case (the poset of equivalence classes of inference forms, with respect tothe equivalence relation of implicitly subsuming the same inferences). Thus a more accurate, if excessivelylong-winded title would be 'Archetypal and Non-Archetypal Forms of Inference in Classical andIntuitionistic Propositional Logic'. Some left-overs are postponed for a final discussion (Section 5).The overall intention is to introduce a new subject matter rather than to have the last word on thequestions it raises; indeed several significant questions are left as open problems.     

希尔曼原型心理学解析

希尔曼在对人本主义心理学传统的批判和解构的基础上,探讨灵魂的深度,认为心理的病态和混乱是达到灵魂深度的重要途径,主张多神论和多重人格。原型心理学中的神秘主义是其主要的问题之一。     

Primordial Image and the Archetypal Design of Art

This paper extends Jung's work on the relationship of art to (postulated) archetypes of the collective unconscious. Archetypes of the collective unconscious, according to Jung, are revealed to ego consciousness only by way of images--images of a specific form. Jung suggests that archetypes, primordial images, combine two aspects in a single form and are therefore paradoxical. The wise old man and youth and hermaphrodites illustrate Jung's definition of a primordial image. My study of Jung's illustrations concludes that he is referring to what I term double-figures as the design form of primordial imagery. I elaborate upon the design form of double-figures, and illustrate my conception of archetypal imagery through comparative analysis of nine cases of double-figure imagery from selected prehistoric and contemporary societies. Double-figures, as archetypal primordial imagery of the collective unconscious, are spontaneously generated, autonomous, and known to a wide variety of societies. I distinguish between form and content in the study of primordial imagery, and conclude with a summary of the importance of Jung to the cross-cultural study of art.     

Archetypal images emerging in the therapy of Lithuanian cancer patients

The goal of this paper is to show through clinical examples how archetypal images connected with nature emerged in Lithuanian cancer patients, to analyze how these images helped them to get in touch with their emotions and meaningful personal experiences, and to discuss how these archetypal images are related to the Lithuanian cultural unconscious, and may also assist the psychological treatment of cancer. The analyzed examples permit the preliminary conclusion that when ill with cancer, a person's psyche generates universal archetypal images that constitute an important part of the process of coping psychologically with the disease.     

Archetypal defenses in the clinical situation: a vignette

Critical moments along the path of an analysis are presented in order to illustrate how dreams portray archaic and typical (archetypal) defenses against the re-experience of unbearable affect as it emerges. Inner defensive 'objects' functioning as a 'self-care system' threaten to uproot, kill or destroy the connections between the dream ego and various images of vulnerability as these emerge in response to healing life events or transference feelings. Over a series of dreams, transformations within this self-care system are observed, ending in a final healing dream which marks the patient's achievement of a 'depressive position' in relation to her otherwise persecutory anxieties.     

Gender Equations: Experiences of the Syzygy on the Archetypal Spectrum

Dedicated to Donald F. Sandner, MD

Framed by the biblical tale of Moses and the golden calf and an archetypal spectrum of solar spirit and its earthly and bodily aspects described by Mircea Eliade, this exploration of the syzygy considers Jung's original symmetry of man with his anima and woman with her animus before viewing anima and animus as yoked together in tandem in the psyche of either biological sex. This exploration remains mindful of the varied experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals. Just as the feminine presides over gender and polytheism in general, the insights of archetypal psychology affirm that the masculine phallus knows no concrete gender but works creatively in the sexual initiation and individuation of us all.

?Jung's observation that the hermaphrodite plays a numinous, progressive, and potentially healing role in the psyche is amplified here by myth and imitative rites of antiquity where human beings seek return to an earlier state of things for ecstatic experience and renewal. As the initially startling image of the transgender other can prompt re-experience of all we carry within us (trauma included) from perinatal, object-relational, and familial levels of development, these are considered in reference to the eight fundamental relational dyads in the family archetype, with special focus on the brother–sister dyad as paradigmatic of the syzygy. Both the pre-sexual eros of the child and a reciprocal mystical implosion of gender opposites are highlighted with literary Gnostic and hermetic references and extended into the dark body, the subtle body, and all nature.     

Amazon Mechanical Turk in Organizational Psychology: An Evaluation and Practical Recommendations

Purpose

Amazon Mechanical Turk is an increasingly popular data source in the organizational psychology research community. This paper presents an evaluation of MTurk and provides a set of practical recommendations for researchers using MTurk.

Design/Methodology/Approach

We present an evaluation of methodological concerns related to the use of MTurk and potential threats to validity inferences. Based on our evaluation, we also provide a set of recommendations to strengthen validity inferences using MTurk samples.

Findings

Although MTurk samples can overcome some important validity concerns, there are other limitations researchers must consider in light of their research objectives. Researchers should carefully evaluate the appropriateness and quality of MTurk samples based on the different issues we discuss in our evaluation.

Implications

There is not a one-size-fits-all answer to whether MTurk is appropriate for a research study. The answer depends on the research questions and the data collection and analytic procedures adopted. The quality of the data is not defined by the data source per se, but rather the decisions researchers make during the stages of study design, data collection, and data analysis.

Originality/Value

The current paper extends the literature by evaluating MTurk in a more comprehensive manner than in prior reviews. Past review papers focused primarily on internal and external validity, with less attention paid to statistical conclusion and construct validity—which are equally important in making accurate inferences about research findings. This paper also provides a set of practical recommendations in addressing validity concerns when using MTurk.